{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T09:53:34Z","timestamp":1781603614514,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]],"date-time":"2022-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2019-07169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2019-07169"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The visually impaired suffer greatly while moving from one place to another. They face challenges in going outdoors and in protecting themselves from moving and stationary objects, and they also lack confidence due to restricted mobility. Due to the recent rapid rise in the number of visually impaired persons, the development of assistive devices has emerged as a significant research field. This review study introduces several techniques to help the visually impaired with their mobility and presents the state-of-the-art of recent assistive technologies that facilitate their everyday life. It also analyses comprehensive multiple mobility assistive technologies for indoor and outdoor environments and describes the different location and feedback methods for the visually impaired using assistive tools based on recent technologies. The navigation tools used for the visually impaired are discussed in detail in subsequent sections. Finally, a detailed analysis of various methods is also carried out, with future recommendations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:31:01Z","timestamp":1666053061000},"page":"7888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Review of Navigation Assistive Tools and Technologies for the Visually Impaired"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5282-4632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Dhiaeddine","family":"Messaoudi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Sciences and Mathematics, University of Quebec at Chicoutimi, 555 Blv Universite, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9027-4352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bob-Antoine J.","family":"Menelas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Sciences and Mathematics, University of Quebec at Chicoutimi, 555 Blv Universite, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2589-8609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Mcheick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Sciences and Mathematics, University of Quebec at Chicoutimi, 555 Blv Universite, Chicoutimi, QC G7H 2B1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13354","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3146728","article-title":"Assistive Devices Analysis for Visually Impaired Persons: A Review on Taxonomy","volume":"10","author":"Zafar","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giudice, N.A., and Legge, G.E. (2008). Blind Navigation and the Role of Technology. The Engineering Handbook of Smart Technology for Aging, Disability, and Independence, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470379424.ch25"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surendran, D., Janet, J., Prabha, D., and Anisha, E. (2018, January 30\u201331). A Study on Devices for Assisting Alzheimer Patients. Proceedings of the 2018 2nd International Conference on I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC)I-SMAC (IoT in Social, Mobile, Analytics and Cloud) (I-SMAC), Palladam, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/I-SMAC.2018.8653658"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162306","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3132887","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Wearable Devices for Orientation and Mobility of Adults with Visual Impairment and Blindness","volume":"9","author":"Suzuki","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7847","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-022-11984-3","article-title":"Sonification and interaction design in computer games for visually impaired individuals","volume":"81","author":"Sekhavat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Theil, A., Buchweitz, L., Schulz, A.S., and Korn, O. (2022). Understanding the perceptions and experiences of the deafblind community about digital games. Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol., 1\u201310."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2021.101805","article-title":"Assistive technology in smart cities: A case of street crossing for the visually-impaired","volume":"68","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12103","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/745\/1\/012103","article-title":"Localization Techniques for Blind People in Outdoor\/Indoor Environments: Review","volume":"745","author":"Gharghan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sim\u00f5es, W.C.S.S., Machado, G.S., Sales, A.M.A., De Lucena, M.M., Jazdi, N., and De Lucena, V.F. (2020). A Review of Technologies and Techniques for Indoor Navigation Systems for the Visually Impaired. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20143935"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijayalakshmi, A., Jose, D.V., and Unnisa, S. (2021). Internet of Things: Immersive Healthcare Technologies. Immersive Technology in Smart Cities, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-66607-1_5"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gupta, M., and Singh, S. (2021). A Survey on the ZigBee Protocol, It\u2019s Security in Internet of Things (IoT) and Comparison of ZigBee with Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. Algorithms for Intelligent Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-33-4604-8_38"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walle, H., De Runz, C., Serres, B., and Venturini, G. (2022). A Survey on Recent Advances in AI and Vision-Based Methods for Helping and Guiding Visually Impaired People. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12052308"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2018.10.031","article-title":"Wearable assistive devices for visually impaired: A state of the art survey","volume":"137","author":"Tapu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elmannai, W., and Elleithy, K. (2017). Sensor-Based Assistive Devices for Visually-Impaired People: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Directions. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17030565"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halimah, B.Z., Azlina, A., Behrang, P., and Choo, W.O. (2008, January 23\u201326). Voice Recognition System for the Visually Impaired: Virtual Cognitive Approach. Proceedings of the 2008 International Symposium on Information Technology, Dubrovnik, Croatia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSIM.2008.4631738"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plikynas, D., \u017dvironas, A., Budrionis, A., and Gudauskis, M. (2020). Indoor Navigation Systems for Visually Impaired Persons: Mapping the Features of Existing Technologies to User Needs. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030636"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-017-0570-8","article-title":"A review of assistive spatial orientation and navigation technologies for the visually impaired","volume":"18","author":"Fernandes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Univers. Access Inf. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramadhan, A.J. (2018). Wearable Smart System for Visually Impaired People. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18030843"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2800665","article-title":"Safe Local Navigation for Visually Impaired Users with a Time-of-Flight and Haptic Feedback Device","volume":"26","author":"Katzschmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2015.05.039","article-title":"BlindeDroid: An Information Tracking System for Real-time Guiding of Blind People","volume":"52","author":"Duarte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2011.2160910","article-title":"Optical Device Indicating a Safe Free Path to Blind People","volume":"61","author":"Villanueva","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goncalo, G., and Helena, S. (2009, January 18\u201323). Indoor Location System Using ZigBee Technology. Proceedings of the 2009 Third International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, Glyfada, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/SENSORCOMM.2009.31"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.21496\/ams.2015.016","article-title":"Feasibility Evaluation of Wearable Sensors for Homecare Systems","volume":"19","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Mech. Slovaca"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1177\/0264619619833723","article-title":"Indoor navigation by blind people: Behaviors and challenges in unfamiliar spaces and buildings","volume":"37","author":"Jeamwatthanachai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Vis. Impair."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2933232","article-title":"A Survey on Wireless Indoor Localization from the Device Perspective","volume":"49","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3233\/TAD-2008-20208","article-title":"Speech technologies for blind and low vision persons","volume":"20","author":"Freitas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Technol. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"And\u00f2, B., Baglio, S., Lombardo, C.O., and Marletta, V. (2015). RESIMA\u2014An Assistive System for Visual Impaired in Indoor Environment. Biosystems & Biorobotics, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-18374-9_17"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhuang, Y., Yang, J., Li, Y., Qi, L., and El-Sheimy, N. (2016). Smartphone-Based Indoor Localization with Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050596"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaccour, K., Eid, J., Darazi, R., el Hassani, A.H., and Andres, E. (2015, January 16\u201318). Multisensor Guided Walker for Visually Impaired Elderly People. Proceedings of the 2015 International Conference on Advances in Biomedical Engineering (ICABME), Beirut, Lebanon.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICABME.2015.7323276"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479857","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/479857","article-title":"A Navigation System for the Visually Impaired: A Fusion of Vision and Depth Sensor","volume":"2015","author":"Kanwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Bionics Biomech."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G., Geng, E., Ye, Z., Xu, Y., Lin, J., and Pang, Y. (2018). Indoor Positioning Algorithm Based on the Improved RSSI Distance Model. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092820"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2007.381737","article-title":"A Real-Time Indoor WiFi Localization System Utilizing Smart Antennas","volume":"53","author":"Lim","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sthapit, P., Gang, H.-S., and Pyun, J.-Y. (2018, January 24\u201326). Bluetooth Based Indoor Positioning Using Machine Learning Algorithms. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics\u2014Asia (ICCE-Asia), Jeju, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE-ASIA.2018.8552138"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.24138\/jcomss.v12i1.89","article-title":"A Combined Batteryless Radio and WiFi Indoor Positioning for Hospital Nursing","volume":"12","author":"Kanan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Commun. Softw. Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomes, J.P., Sousa, J.P., Cunha, C.R., and Morais, E.P. (2018, January 13\u201316). An Indoor Navigation Architecture Using Variable Data Sources for Blind and Visually Impaired Persons. Proceedings of the 2018 13th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), C\u00e1ceres, Spain.","DOI":"10.23919\/CISTI.2018.8399347"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Marco, L., and Farinella, G.M. (2018). Computer Vision for Assistive Healthcare, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition; Elsevier Science."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2020.1786731","article-title":"Assistive device using computer vision and image processing for visually impaired; review and current status","volume":"17","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caldini, A., Fanfani, M., and Colombo, C. (2015). Smartphone-Based Obstacle Detection for the Visually Impaired. Image Analysis and Processing ICIAP 2015, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-23231-7_43"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H.-C., Katzschmann, R.K., Teng, S., Araki, B., Giarre, L., and Rus, D. (June, January 29). Enabling independent navigation for visually impaired people through a wearable vision-based feedback system. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), Singapore.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICRA.2017.7989772"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, R., Tan, X., Wang, R., Qin, T., Li, J., Zhao, S., Chen, E., and Liu, T.-Y. (2021, January 6\u201311). Lightspeech: Lightweight and Fast Text to Speech with Neural Architecture Search. Proceedings of the ICASSP 2021\u20142021 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), Toronto, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP39728.2021.9414403"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yusro, M., Hou, K.-M., Pissaloux, E., Ramli, K., Sudiana, D., Zhang, L.-Z., and Shi, H.-L. (2014). Concept and Design of SEES (Smart Environment Explorer Stick) for Visually Impaired Person Mobility Assistance. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-08491-6_21"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karkar, A., and Al-Maadeed, S. (2018, January 25\u201326). Mobile Assistive Technologies for Visual Impaired Users: A Survey. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Computer and Applications (ICCA), Beirut, Lebanon.","DOI":"10.1109\/COMAPP.2018.8460406"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2016.01.011","article-title":"Pedestrian lane detection in unstructured scenes for assistive navigation","volume":"149","author":"Phung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparison of drug susceptibility pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis assayed by MODS (Microscopic-observation drug-susceptibility) with that of PM (proportion method) from clinical isolates of North East India","volume":"4","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"IOSR J. Pharm. IOSRPHR"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.2307\/4445817","article-title":"A Plant Identification Game","volume":"39","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. Biol. Teach."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kay, L. (1980). Air Sonars with Acoustical Display of Spatial Information. Animal Sonar Systems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-7254-7_35"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross, D.A., and Lightman, A. (2005, January 9\u201312). Talking Braille. Proceedings of the 7th International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility\u2014Assets \u201905, Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1090785.1090805"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2002.803561","article-title":"Binaural sonar electronic travel aid provides vibrotactile cues for landmark, reflector motion and surface texture classification","volume":"49","author":"Kuc","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1109\/3468.911370","article-title":"The GuideCane-applying mobile robot technologies to assist the visually impaired","volume":"31","author":"Ulrich","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part A Syst. Hum."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu-Abdoun, D.I., Alsyouf, I., Mushtaha, E., Ibrahim, I., and Al-Ali, M. (2022, January 21\u201324). Developing and Designing an Innovative Assistive Product for Visually Impaired People: Smart Cane. Proceedings of the 2022 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET), Dubai, United Arab Emirates.","DOI":"10.1109\/ASET53988.2022.9734902"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.36.2.121b","article-title":"Citation Precision","volume":"36","author":"Reed","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Occup. Ther."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoyle, B., and Waters, D. (2008). Mobility AT: The Batcane (UltraCane). Assistive Technology for Visually Impaired and Blind People, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84628-867-8_6"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villamizar, L.H., Gualdron, M., Gonzalez, F., Aceros, J., and Rizzo-Sierra, C.V. (2013, January 3\u20137). A Necklace Sonar with Adjustable Scope Range for Assisting the Visually Impaired. Proceedings of the 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Osaka, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2013.6609784"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00371-006-0032-4","article-title":"A wearable system for mobility improvement of visually impaired people","volume":"23","author":"Cardin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vis. Comput."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/901707","article-title":"CyARM: Haptic Sensing Device for Spatial Localization on Basis of Exploration by Arms","volume":"2009","author":"Akita","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1109\/10.81565","article-title":"A blind mobility aid modeled after echolocation of bats","volume":"38","author":"Ifukube","year":"1991","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Shoval, S., Borenstein, J., and Koren, Y. (1994, January 8\u201313). Mobile Robot Obstacle Avoidance in a Computerized Travel Aid for the Blind. Proceedings of the 1994 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1109\/10.121642","article-title":"An experimental system for auditory image representations","volume":"39","author":"Meijer","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hub, A., Diepstraten, J., and Ertl, T. (2003). Design and development of an indoor navigation and object identification system for the blind. ACM SIGACCESS Access. Comput., 147\u2013152.","DOI":"10.1145\/1029014.1028657"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Choudhury, M.H., Aguerrevere, D., and Barreto, A.B. (2004, January 12\u201314). A Pocket-PC Based Navigational Aid for Blind Individuals. Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE Symposium on Virtual Environments, Human-Computer Interfaces and Measurement Systems, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mora, J.L., Rodr\u00edguez-Hern\u00e1ndez, A., Rodr\u00edguez-Ramos, L.F., D\u00edaz-Saco, L., and Sosa, N. (1999). Development of a New Space Perception System for Blind People, Based on the Creation of a Virtual Acoustic Space. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0100499"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2005.06.005","article-title":"Fuzzy image processing scheme for autonomous navigation of human blind","volume":"7","author":"Sainarayanan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Wang, K., and Yang, K. (2018, January 20\u201322). Improving RealSense by Fusing Color Stereo Vision and Infrared Stereo Vision for the Visually Impaired. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Information Science and System, Zhengzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/3209914.3209944"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/02564602.2020.1819893","article-title":"Tools and Technologies for Blind and Visually Impaired Navigation Support: A Review","volume":"39","author":"Kuriakose","year":"2020","journal-title":"IETE Tech. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"57","article-title":"Blind and Visually Impaired Visitors\u2019 Experiences in Museums: Increasing Accessibility through Assistive Technologies","volume":"13","author":"Vaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Incl. Mus."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2015.7114062","article-title":"A precise RFID indoor localization system with sensor network assistance","volume":"12","author":"Dian","year":"2015","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2014.09.023","article-title":"A portable mid-range localization system using infrared LEDs for visually impaired people","volume":"67","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hairuman, I.F.B., and Foong, O.-M. (2011, January 5\u20138). OCR Signage Recognition with Skew & Slant Correction for Visually Impaired People. Proceedings of the 2011 11th International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS), Melacca, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/HIS.2011.6122123"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Messaoudi, M.D., Menelas, B.-A.J., and Mcheick, H. (2020). Autonomous Smart White Cane Navigation System for Indoor Usage. Technologies, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies8030037"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, J., Liu, D., Su, G., and Fu, Z. (2017, January 7\u20139). A Cloud and Vision-Based Navigation System Used for Blind People. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Automation and Control Technologies\u2014AIACT 17, Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1145\/3080845.3080867"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"53","article-title":"A Multidimensional Walking Aid for Visually Impaired Using Ultrasonic Sensors Network with Voice Guidance","volume":"6","author":"Oladayo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Intell. Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1109\/MITP.2013.54","article-title":"Experiencing Indoor Navigation on Mobile Devices","volume":"16","author":"Barberis","year":"2013","journal-title":"IT Prof."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sahoo, N., Lin, H.-W., and Chang, Y.-H. (2019). Design and Implementation of a Walking Stick Aid for Visually Challenged People. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010130"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Santhosh, S.S., Sasiprabha, T., and Jeberson, R. (2010, January 13\u201315). BLI-NAV Embedded Navigation System for Blind People. Proceedings of the Recent Advances in Space Technology Services and Climate Change 2010 (RSTS & CC-2010), Chennai, India."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2014.2320639","article-title":"Navigation Assistance for the Visually Impaired Using RGB-D Sensor with Range Expansion","volume":"10","author":"Aladren","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1109\/JETCAS.2020.2992593","article-title":"Syndrome-Enabled Unsupervised Learning for Neural Network-Based Polar Decoder and Jointly Optimized Blind Equalizer","volume":"10","author":"Teng","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9891","DOI":"10.3390\/s101109891","article-title":"A Wireless Sensor Network Based Personnel Positioning Scheme in Coal Mines with Blind Areas","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatlawande, S.S., Mukhopadhyay, J., and Mahadevappa, M. (2012, January 3\u20135). Ultrasonic Spectacles and Waist-Belt for Visually Impaired and Blind Person. Proceedings of the 2012 National Conference on Communications (NCC), Kharagpur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/NCC.2012.6176765"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"93","article-title":"Are electronic white canes better than traditional canes? A comparative study with blind and blindfolded participants","volume":"20","author":"Medola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Univers. Access Inf. Soc."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Wicab Inc. (2008). BrainPort Technology Tongue Interface Characterization Tactical Underwater Navigation System (TUNS), Wicab Inc."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Higuchi, H., Harada, A., Iwahashi, T., Usui, S., Sawamoto, J., Kanda, J., Wakimoto, K., and Tanaka, S. (2004, January 26\u201328). Network-Based Nationwide RTK-GPS and Indoor Navigation Intended for Seamless Location Based Services. Proceedings of the 2004 National Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/35.667411","article-title":"Overview of radiolocation in CDMA cellular systems","volume":"36","author":"Caffery","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8236","DOI":"10.3390\/s120608236","article-title":"An Indoor Navigation System for the Visually Impaired","volume":"12","author":"Guerrero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.5958\/0976-5506.2019.00446.7","article-title":"Smart Indoor and Outdoor Guiding System for Blind People using Android and IOT","volume":"10","author":"Nivishna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Public Health Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmud, N., Saha, R.K., Zafar, R.B., Bhuian, M.B.H., and Sarwar, S.S. (2014, January 23\u201324). Vibration and Voice Operated Navigation System for Visually Impaired Person. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV), Dhaka, Bangladesh.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIEV.2014.6850740"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grubb, P.W., Thomsen, P.R., Hoxie, T., and Wright, G. (2016). Filing a Patent Application. Patents for Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, and Biotechnology, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199684731.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Rehrl, K., G\u00f6ll, N., Leitinger, S., Bruntsch, S., and Mentz, H.-J. (2004). Smartphone-Based Information and Navigation Aids for Public Transport Travellers. Location Based Services and TeleCartography, Springer."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Yeung, W.M.-C., and Ng, J.K.-Y. (2008, January 25\u201328). Enhancing Indoor Positioning Accuracy by Utilizing Signals from Both the Mobile Phone Network and the Wireless Local Area Network. Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA 2008), Gino-Wan, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/AINA.2008.106"},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Rehrl, K., Leitinger, S., Bruntsch, S., and Mentz, H. (2005, January 13\u201316). Assisting orientation and guidance for multimodal travelers in situations of modal change. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1080\/10400435.2020.1809553","article-title":"ASSIST: Evaluating the usability and performance of an indoor navigation assistant for blind and visually impaired people","volume":"34","author":"Nair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Kumar, A.V.J., Visu, A., Raj, S.M., Prabhu, T.M., and Kalaiselvi, V.K.G. (2011, January 14\u201316). Penpal-Electronic Pen Aiding Visually Impaired in Reading and Visualizing Textual Contents. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Technology for Education, Chennai, India."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/00006324-200105000-00011","article-title":"Navigating without Vision: Basic and Applied Research","volume":"78","author":"Loomis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krishnan, K.G., Porkodi, C.M., and Kanimozhi, K. (2013, January 3\u20135). Image Recognition for Visually Impaired People by Sound. Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Communication and Signal Processing, Melmaruvathur, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/iccsp.2013.6577195"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17485\/ijst\/2019\/v12i4\/139880","article-title":"Survey on Smart Reader for Blind and Visually Impaired (BVI)","volume":"12","author":"Geetha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.35940\/ijeat.F1285.0986S319","article-title":"A Smart Reader for Blind People","volume":"8","author":"Latha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.5626\/KTCP.2019.25.3.191","article-title":"CCVoice: Voice to Text Conversion and Management Program Implementation of Google Cloud Speech API","volume":"25","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"KIISE Trans. Comput. Pr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1687-1499-2013-37","article-title":"New indoor navigation system for visually impaired people using visible light communication","volume":"2013","author":"Nakajima","year":"2013","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"(2019). Introduction to Amazon Web Services. Machine Learning in the AWS Cloud, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-020-00733-8","article-title":"An insight into smartphone-based assistive solutions for visually impaired and blind people: Issues, challenges and opportunities","volume":"20","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Univers. Access Inf. Soc."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2021.106117","article-title":"Information accessibility oriented self-powered and ripple-inspired fingertip interactors with auditory feedback","volume":"87","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, S., Ishikawa, M., and Yamakawa, Y. (2018, January 21\u201323). An Active Assistant Robotic System Based on High-Speed Vision and Haptic Feedback for Human-Robot Collaboration. Proceedings of the IECON 2018\u201444th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IECON.2018.8592810"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mon, C.S., Yap, K.M., and Ahmad, A. (2019, January 27\u201328). A Preliminary Study on Requirements of Olfactory, Haptic and Audio Enabled Application for Visually Impaired in Edutainment. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 9th Symposium on Computer Applications & Industrial Electronics (ISCAIE), Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISCAIE.2019.8743738"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2007). Core77.Com. Choice Rev. Online, 44, 44\u20133669.","DOI":"10.5860\/CHOICE.44-3669"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, M.E. (2014). Soundscape. Oxford Music Online, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/gmo\/9781561592630.article.A2258182"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanna, R. (2016, January 19\u201321). IBM SmartCloud Cost Management with IBM Cloud Orchestrator Cost Management on the Cloud. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing in Emerging Markets (CCEM), Bangalore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCEM.2016.040"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Khan, M., Tsangouri, C., Yang, C., Li, B., Xiao, J., and Zhu, Z. (August, January 31). CCNY Smart Cane. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 7th Annual International Conference on CYBER Technology in Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems (CYBER), Honolulu, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CYBER.2017.8446303"},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"(2020). Catalogue: In Les Pratiques Fun\u00e9raires en Pannonie de l\u2019\u00e9poque August\u00e9enne \u00e0 la fin du 3e Si\u00e8cle, Archaeopress Publishing Ltd."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00e1vila, J. (2016, January 15\u201330). Iterative Learning for Human Activity Recognition from Wearable Sensor Data. Proceedings of the 3rd International Electronic Conference on Sensors and Applications, Online. Available online: https:\/\/sciforum.net\/conference\/ecsa-3.","DOI":"10.3390\/ecsa-3-S2002"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1097\/00004356-198712005-00062","article-title":"A new electronic mobility aid for the blind\u2014A field evaluation","volume":"10","author":"Kumpf","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. J. Rehabil. Res."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"215","article-title":"Evaluation of a Compact Helmet-Based Laser Scanning System for Aboveground and Underground 3d Mapping","volume":"XLIII-B2-2022","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wise, E., Li, B., Gallagher, T., Dempster, A.G., Rizos, C., Ramsey-Stewart, E., and Woo, D. (2012, January 13\u201315). Indoor Navigation for the Blind and Vision Impaired: Where Are We and Where Are We Going?. Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPIN.2012.6418894"},{"key":"ref_112","first-page":"316","article-title":"AI Powered Glasses for Visually Impaired Person","volume":"9","author":"Satani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2017). Smart object detector for visually impaired. Sp\u00e9c. Issue, 3, 192\u2013195.","DOI":"10.23883\/IJRTER.CONF.20170331.038.5C8TI"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H.-E., Lin, Y.-Y., Chen, C.-H., and Wang, I.-F. (2015, January 18\u201323). BlindNavi: A Navigation App for the Visually Impaired Smartphone User. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems\u2014CHI EA \u201915, Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1145\/2702613.2726953"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2384","article-title":"Female Genital Mutilation Awareness, CFAB, London, 2014. Available online: http:\/\/www.safeandsecureinfo.com\/fgm_awareness\/fgm_read_section1.html Female Genital Mutilation: Recognising and Preventing FGM, Home Office, London, 2014. Available free: http:\/\/www.safeguardingchildrenea.co.uk\/resources\/female-genital-mutilation-recognising-preventing-fgm-free-online-training","volume":"24","author":"Harris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Child Abus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tolesa, L.D., Chala, T.F., Abdi, G.F., and Geleta, T.K. (2022). Assessment of Quality of Commercially Available Some Selected Edible Oils Accessed in Ethiopia. Arch. Infect. Dis. Ther., 6.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1443082\/v1"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1044\/hhdc10.1.17","article-title":"Working With Parents of School Aged Children: Staying in Step While Keeping a Step Ahead","volume":"10","author":"English","year":"2000","journal-title":"Perspect. Hear. Hear. Disord. Child."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bouchard, B., Imbeault, F., Bouzouane, A., and Menelas, B.A.J. (2012, January 26\u201329). Developing serious games specifically adapted to people suffering from Alzheimer. Proceedings of the International Conference on Serious Games Development and Applications, Bremen, Germany.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33687-4_21"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menelas, B.A.J., and Otis, M.J.D. (2012, January 8\u20139). Design of a serious game for learning vibrotactile messages. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Workshop on Haptic Audio Visual Environments and Games (HAVE 2012), Munich, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/HAVE.2012.6374446"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Menelas, B.A.J., and Benaoudia, R.S. (2017). Use of haptics to promote learning outcomes in serious games. Multimodal Technol. Interact., 1.","DOI":"10.3390\/mti1040031"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e9n\u00e9las, B., Picinalli, L., Katz, B.F., and Bourdot, P. (2010, January 20\u201321). Audio haptic feedbacks for an acquisition task in a multi-target context. Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI), Waltham, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/3DUI.2010.5444722"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s12193-014-0148-1","article-title":"Non-visual identification, localization, and selection of entities of interest in a 3D environment","volume":"8","author":"Menelas","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Multimodal User Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s12193-018-0260-8","article-title":"Use of tactons to communicate a risk level through an enactive shoe","volume":"12","author":"Gagnon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Multimodal User Interfaces"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/20\/7888\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:55:45Z","timestamp":1760144145000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/20\/7888"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]},"references-count":123,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s22207888"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22207888","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,17]]}}}