{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:23:58Z","timestamp":1760232238403,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"China National Key Research and Development Plan","award":["2022YFB2902605","2020YFB1808005","HHX22641X003","FFX22641X010","D030301","B2021003032","SKX212010010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB2902605","2020YFB1808005","HHX22641X003","FFX22641X010","D030301","B2021003032","SKX212010010"]}]},{"name":"Science and Technology on Communication Networks Laboratory Foundation project","award":["2022YFB2902605","2020YFB1808005","HHX22641X003","FFX22641X010","D030301","B2021003032","SKX212010010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB2902605","2020YFB1808005","HHX22641X003","FFX22641X010","D030301","B2021003032","SKX212010010"]}]},{"name":"13th 5-year plan Civil Aerospace Technology Advance Research Project","award":["2022YFB2902605","2020YFB1808005","HHX22641X003","FFX22641X010","D030301","B2021003032","SKX212010010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB2902605","2020YFB1808005","HHX22641X003","FFX22641X010","D030301","B2021003032","SKX212010010"]}]},{"name":"Hebei Province High-level Talent Funding Project","award":["2022YFB2902605","2020YFB1808005","HHX22641X003","FFX22641X010","D030301","B2021003032","SKX212010010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB2902605","2020YFB1808005","HHX22641X003","FFX22641X010","D030301","B2021003032","SKX212010010"]}]},{"name":"the New technology research university cooperation project","award":["2022YFB2902605","2020YFB1808005","HHX22641X003","FFX22641X010","D030301","B2021003032","SKX212010010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB2902605","2020YFB1808005","HHX22641X003","FFX22641X010","D030301","B2021003032","SKX212010010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Satellite IoT networks (S-IoT-N), which have been a hot issue regarding the next generation of communication, are quite important for the coming era of digital twins and the metaverse because of their performance in sensing and monitoring anywhere, anytime, and anyway, in more dimensions. However, this will cause communication links to face greater traffic loads. Satellite internet networks (SIN) are considered the most possible evolution road, possessing characteristics of many satellites, such as low earth orbit (LEO), the Ku\/Ka frequency, and a high data rate. Existing research on load balancing schemes for satellite networks cannot solve the problems of low efficiency under conditions of extremely non-uniform distribution of users (DoU) and dynamic density variances. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel load balancing scheme of adjacent beams for S-IoT-N based on the modeling of spatial\u2013temporal DoU and advanced GA. In our scheme, the PDF of the DoU in the direction of movement of the SSP\u2019s trajectory was modeled first, which provided a multi-directional constraint for the non-uniform distribution of users in S-IoT-N. Fully considering the prior periodicity of satellite movement and the similarity of DoU in different areas, we proposed an adaptive inheritance iteration to optimize the crossover factor and mutation factor for GA for the first time. Based on the proposed improved GA, we obtained the optimal scheme of load balancing under the conditions of the adaptation from the local balancing scheme to global balancing, and a selection of Ser-Beams to access. Finally, the simulations show that the proposed method can improve the average throughput by 3% under specific conditions and improve processing efficiency by 30% on average.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T00:58:51Z","timestamp":1666141131000},"page":"7930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Novel Load Balancing Scheme for Satellite IoT Networks Based on Spatial\u2013Temporal Distribution of Users and Advanced Genetic Algorithms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1131-2275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenliang","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Communication Networks Laboratory, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zewen","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1763-6385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Information and Communication Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Communication Networks Laboratory, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"},{"name":"Academy for Network & Communications of CETC, Shijiazhuang 050081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaohua","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yicheng","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Da","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7648-4695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bingyu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Genan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2800660","article-title":"Integration of IoT, Transport SDN, and Edge\/Cloud Computing for Dynamic Distribution of IoT Analytics and Efficient Use of Network Resources","volume":"36","author":"Munoz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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