{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T10:33:39Z","timestamp":1760524419185,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01IA10001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01IA10001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Analog sensors often require complex mathematical models for data analysis. Digital twins (DTs) provide platforms to display sensor data in real time but still lack generic solutions regarding how mathematical models and algorithms can be integrated. Based on previous tests for monitoring and predicting banana fruit quality along the cool chain, we demonstrate how a system of multiple models can be converted into a DT. Our new approach provides a set of generic \u201cwrapper functions\u201d, which largely simplify model integration. The wrappers connect the in- and outputs of models to the streaming platform and, thus, require only minor changes to the model software. Different scenarios for model linking structures are considered, including simultaneous processing of multiple models, sequential processing of life-cycle-specific models, and predictive models, based on data from the current and previous life cycles. The wrapper functions can be easily adapted to host models or microservices from various applications fields, to predict the future system behavior and to test what-if scenarios.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]],"date-time":"2022-10-19T22:19:53Z","timestamp":1666217993000},"page":"7964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Wrapper Functions for Integrating Mathematical Models into Digital Twin Event Processing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0390-9143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reiner","family":"Jedermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IMSAS\u2014Institute for Microsensors, -Actuators and -Systems, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMSAS\u2014Institute for Microsensors, -Actuators and -Systems, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.softx.2021.100661","article-title":"WLDT: A general purpose library to build IoT digital twins","volume":"13","author":"Picone","year":"2021","journal-title":"SoftwareX"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-018-1617-6","article-title":"Digital twin-based smart production management and control framework for the complex product assembly shop-floor","volume":"96","author":"Zhuang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. 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