{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:13:46Z","timestamp":1780071226099,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]],"date-time":"2022-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University"},{"name":"Republic of Turkey Ministry of National Education"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tremor is one of the common symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Thanks to the recent evolution of digital technologies, monitoring of PD patients\u2019 hand movements employing contactless methods gained momentum. Objective: We aimed to quantitatively assess hand movements in patients suffering from PD using the artificial intelligence (AI)-based hand-tracking technologies of MediaPipe. Method: High-frame-rate videos and accelerometer data were recorded from 11 PD patients, two of whom showed classical Parkinsonian-type tremor. In the OFF-state and 30 Minutes after taking their standard oral medication (ON-state), video recordings were obtained. First, we investigated the frequency and amplitude relationship between the video and accelerometer data. Then, we focused on quantifying the effect of taking standard oral treatments. Results: The data extracted from the video correlated well with the accelerometer-based measurement system. Our video-based approach identified the tremor frequency with a small error rate (mean absolute error 0.229 (\u00b10.174) Hz) and an amplitude with a high correlation. The frequency and amplitude of the hand movement before and after medication in PD patients undergoing medication differ. PD Patients experienced a decrease in the mean value for frequency from 2.012 (\u00b11.385) Hz to 1.526 (\u00b11.007) Hz and in the mean value for amplitude from 8.167 (\u00b115.687) a.u. to 4.033 (\u00b15.671) a.u. Conclusions: Our work achieved an automatic estimation of the movement frequency, including the tremor frequency with a low error rate, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that presents automated tremor analysis before\/after medication in PD, in particular using high-frame-rate video data.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22207992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:34:30Z","timestamp":1666312470000},"page":"7992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Video-Based Hand Movement Analysis of Parkinson Patients before and after Medication Using High-Frame-Rate Videos and MediaPipe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0522-5877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00f6khan","family":"G\u00fcney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KIS*MED (AI Systems in Medicine), Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, Merckstra\u00dfe 25, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talisa S.","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8446-4635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Dill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KIS*MED (AI Systems in Medicine), Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, Merckstra\u00dfe 25, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg B.","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"J\u00fclich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA)\u2013JARA-Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, FZ J\u00fclich and RWTH University, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Dafotakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7948-8181","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christoph","family":"Hoog Antink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KIS*MED (AI Systems in Medicine), Technische Universit\u00e4t Darmstadt, Merckstra\u00dfe 25, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne K.","family":"Braczynski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, RWTH University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Physikalische Biologie, D\u00fcsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.14.2.223","article-title":"An Essay on the Shaking Palsy, 1817","volume":"14","author":"Parkinson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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