{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T17:38:16Z","timestamp":1770831496435,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology\u2014Smart Structures in Engineering","award":["574001\/2008-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["574001\/2008-5"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology\u2014Smart Structures in Engineering","award":["401128\/2016-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["401128\/2016-4"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology\u2014Smart Structures in Engineering","award":["302740\/2018-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302740\/2018-0"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology\u2014Smart Structures in Engineering","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology\u2014Smart Structures in Engineering","award":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Science and Technology\u2014Smart Structures in Engineering","award":["2020.00828.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00828.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"Universal 2016","award":["574001\/2008-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["574001\/2008-5"]}]},{"name":"Universal 2016","award":["401128\/2016-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["401128\/2016-4"]}]},{"name":"Universal 2016","award":["302740\/2018-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302740\/2018-0"]}]},{"name":"Universal 2016","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Universal 2016","award":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Universal 2016","award":["2020.00828.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00828.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"PQ-1C","award":["574001\/2008-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["574001\/2008-5"]}]},{"name":"PQ-1C","award":["401128\/2016-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["401128\/2016-4"]}]},{"name":"PQ-1C","award":["302740\/2018-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302740\/2018-0"]}]},{"name":"PQ-1C","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PQ-1C","award":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"PQ-1C","award":["2020.00828.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00828.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)","award":["574001\/2008-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["574001\/2008-5"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)","award":["401128\/2016-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["401128\/2016-4"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)","award":["302740\/2018-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302740\/2018-0"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)","award":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES)","award":["2020.00828.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00828.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"CONSTRUCT","award":["574001\/2008-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["574001\/2008-5"]}]},{"name":"CONSTRUCT","award":["401128\/2016-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["401128\/2016-4"]}]},{"name":"CONSTRUCT","award":["302740\/2018-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302740\/2018-0"]}]},{"name":"CONSTRUCT","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CONSTRUCT","award":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"CONSTRUCT","award":["2020.00828.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00828.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["574001\/2008-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["574001\/2008-5"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["401128\/2016-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["401128\/2016-4"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["302740\/2018-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302740\/2018-0"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\/MCTES (PIDDAC)","award":["2020.00828.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00828.CEECIND"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["574001\/2008-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["574001\/2008-5"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["401128\/2016-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["401128\/2016-4"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["302740\/2018-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["302740\/2018-0"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04708\/2020"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","award":["2020.00828.CEECIND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.00828.CEECIND"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Shape memory alloy (SMA) micro cables have a wide potential for attenuation of vibrations and structural health monitoring due to energy dissipation. This work evaluates the effect of SMA thermomechanical coupling during dynamic cycling and the fatigue life of NiTi SMA micro cables submitted to tensile loadings at frequencies from 0.25 Hz to 10 Hz. The thermomechanical coupling was characterized using a previously developed methodology that identifies the self-heating frequency. When dynamically loaded above this frequency, the micro cable response is dominated by the self-heating, stiffening significantly during cycling. Once above the self-heating frequency, structural and functional fatigues of the micro cable were evaluated as a function of the loading frequency for the failure of each individual wire. All tests were performed on a single wire with equal cross-section area for comparison purposes. We observed that the micro cable\u2019s functional properties regarding energy dissipation capacity decreased throughout the cycles with increasing frequency. Due to the additional friction between the filaments of the micro cable, this dissipation capacity is superior to that of the single wire. Although its fatigue life is shorter, its delayed failure compared to a single wire makes it a more reliable sensor for structural health monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22208045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T10:09:23Z","timestamp":1666606163000},"page":"8045","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["NiTi SMA Superelastic Micro Cables: Thermomechanical Behavior and Fatigue Life under Dynamic Loadings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0138-3643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo C. S.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Active Materials and Structures (LaMMEA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-140, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Estephanie N. D.","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Active Materials and Structures (LaMMEA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-140, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8939-0946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos J.","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Active Materials and Structures (LaMMEA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-140, Brazil"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1026-4523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o M. P. Q.","family":"Delgado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONSTRUCT-LFC, Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1691-1872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio G. B.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Active Materials and Structures (LaMMEA), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-140, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Lagoudas, D.C. (2008). Shape Memory Alloys: Modeling and Engineering Applications, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s40830-017-0133-0","article-title":"The Measurement and Interpretation of Transformation Temperatures in Nitinol","volume":"3","author":"Duerig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Shap. Mem. Superelasticity"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2020.103392","article-title":"Anisotropy and Clausius-Clapeyron relation for forward and reverse stress-induced martensitic transformations in polycrystalline NiTi thin walled tubes","volume":"146","author":"Grassi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2016.02.011","article-title":"Experimental observations on rate-dependent cyclic deformation of super-elastic NiTi shape memory alloy","volume":"97","author":"Kan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5096(95)00024-D","article-title":"Thermomechanical aspects of NiTi","volume":"43","author":"Shaw","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Mech. Phys. Solids"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechmat.2004.03.007","article-title":"Very high strain-rate response of a NiTi shape-memory alloy","volume":"37","author":"Choi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mech. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Souza, E.F., da Silva, P.C.S., Grassi, E.N.D., de Ara\u00fajo, C.J., and de Lima, A.G.B. (2021). Critical Frequency of Self-Heating in a Superelastic Ni-Ti Belleville Spring: Experimental Characterization and Numerical Simulation. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217140"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2013.03.013","article-title":"Superelastic shape memory alloy cables: Part I-Isothermal tension experiments","volume":"50","author":"Reedlunn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids. Struct."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsolstr.2013.03.015","article-title":"Superelastic shape memory alloy cables: Part II-Subcomponent isothermal responses","volume":"50","author":"Reedlunn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Solids. Struct."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biggs, D.B., and Shaw, J.A. (2016). Experimental characterization of shape memory alloy actuator cables. Behavior and Mechanics of Multifunctional Materials and Composites, SPIE.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2219502"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.041","article-title":"Superelastic shape memory alloy cables for reinforced concrete applications","volume":"148","author":"Mas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015007","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/aa9819","article-title":"Tensile and superelastic fatigue characterization of NiTi shape memory cables","volume":"27","author":"Sherif","year":"2018","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engstruct.2019.01.049","article-title":"Superelastic NiTi SMA cables: Thermal-mechanical behavior, hysteretic modelling and seismic application","volume":"183","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Struct."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104340","article-title":"Effects of ambient temperature on cyclic response and functional fatigue of shape memory alloy cables","volume":"52","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-009-9433-7","article-title":"Shape Memory Alloy Tension\/Compression Device for Seismic Retrofit of Buildings","volume":"18","author":"Speicher","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s40830-015-0013-4","article-title":"The Influence of the R-Phase on the Superelastic Behavior of NiTi","volume":"1","author":"Duerig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shap. Mem. Superelasticity"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125008","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ab4e0f","article-title":"Mechanical behavior and fatigue life of micro welded joints obtained by TIG spots in NiTi wires","volume":"28","year":"2019","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5579","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6454(98)00167-0","article-title":"Stress-induced martensitic transformation of a NiTi alloy in isothermal shear, tension and compression","volume":"46","author":"Favier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02644442","article-title":"Deformation and transition behavior associated with the R-phase in Ti\u2013Ni alloys","volume":"17","author":"Miyazaki","year":"1986","journal-title":"Metall. Mater. Trans. A"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X20943952","article-title":"Thermomechanical and electrical response of a superelastic NiTi shape memory alloy cable","volume":"31","author":"Sherif","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. Struct."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s40430-018-1101-0","article-title":"An experimental investigation of the superelastic fatigue of NiTi SMA wires","volume":"40","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125017","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ac2f82","article-title":"Fatigue tests of superelastic NiTi wires: An analysis using factorial design in single cantilever bending","volume":"30","author":"Grassi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/20\/8045\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:58:48Z","timestamp":1760144328000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/20\/8045"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s22208045"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22208045","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]}}}