{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T17:23:17Z","timestamp":1782321797885,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]],"date-time":"2022-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","award":["109-156-1443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["109-156-1443"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) have been seen as an attractive area of research for civil engineering professionals to subdivide complex issues. Based on the assignment\u2019s history, nearby agents, and objective, the agent intended to take the appropriate action to complete the task. MAS models complex systems, smart grids, and computer networks. MAS has problems with agent coordination, security, and work distribution despite its use. This paper reviews MAS definitions, attributes, applications, issues, and communications. For this reason, MASs have drawn interest from computer science and civil engineering experts to solve complex difficulties by subdividing them into smaller assignments. Agents have individual responsibilities. Each agent selects the best action based on its activity history, interactions with neighbors, and purpose. MAS uses the modeling of complex systems, smart grids, and computer networks. Despite their extensive use, MAS still confronts agent coordination, security, and work distribution challenges. This study examines MAS\u2019s definitions, characteristics, applications, issues, communications, and evaluation, as well as the classification of MAS applications and difficulties, plus research references. This paper should be a helpful resource for MAS researchers and practitioners. MAS in controlling smart grids, including energy management, energy marketing, pricing, energy scheduling, reliability, network security, fault handling capability, agent-to-agent communication, SG-electrical cars, SG-building energy systems, and soft grids, have been examined. More than 100 MAS-based smart grid control publications have been reviewed, categorized, and compiled.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218099","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,24]],"date-time":"2022-10-24T10:09:23Z","timestamp":1666606163000},"page":"8099","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Multi-Agent Systems for Resource Allocation and Scheduling in a Smart Grid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1352-2698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sami Saeed","family":"Binyamin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Applied College, King Abdelaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Ben Slama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Applied College, King Abdelaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Analysis and Processing of Electrical and Energy Systems Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.09.034","article-title":"Awareness of secondary school students about renewable energy sources","volume":"116","author":"Turan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. 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