{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T21:08:13Z","timestamp":1769720893709,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]],"date-time":"2022-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["856405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["856405"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Air pollution and leakages of hazardous and toxic gases and chemicals are among the dangers that frequently occur at automated chemical and life science laboratories. This type of accident needs to be processed as soon as possible to avoid the harmful side effects that can happen when a human is exposed. Nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds are among the most prominent indoor air pollutants, which greatly affect the lifestyles in these places. In this study, a commercial MOX gas sensor, SGP41, was embedded in an IoT environmental sensor node for hazardous gas detection and alarm. The sensor can detect several parameters, including nitrogen oxide index (NOx-Index) and volatile organic compound index (VOC-Index). Several tests were conducted to detect the leakage of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in different concentrations and volumes, as well as from different leakage distances, to measure the effect of these factors on the response speed and recovery time of the sensors used. These factors were also compared between the different sensors built into the sensor node to give a comprehensive picture of the system used. The system testing results revealed that the SGP41 sensor is capable of implementing the design purposes for the target parameters, can detect a small NO2 gas leakage starting from 0.3% volume, and can detect all the tested VOC solvents \u2265 100 \u00b5L<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T07:17:48Z","timestamp":1666768668000},"page":"8161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Evaluating a Novel Gas Sensor for Ambient Monitoring in Automated Life Science Laboratories"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8084-6361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Faeik Ruzaij","family":"Al-Okby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical Institute of Babylon, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University (ATU), Kufa 54003, Iraq"},{"name":"Center for Life Science Automation (celisca), University of Rostock, 18119 Rostock, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5115-9519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Roddelkopf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automation, University of Rostock, 18119 Rostock, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9491-1224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi","family":"Fleischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Automation, University of Rostock, 18119 Rostock, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3281-1065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerstin","family":"Thurow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Life Science Automation (celisca), University of Rostock, 18119 Rostock, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"RespiraMi IV International Seminar (2022, June 13). Recent Advances on Air Pollution and Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.en.fondazione-menarini.it\/Home\/Events\/Respirami-IV-International-Seminar-Recent-Advances-on-Air-Pollution-and-Health\/796\/Presentation?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=Search_Educom_Respirami&gclid=CjwKCAjwnZaVBhA6EiwAVVyv9Byr43GqcRa8l8YN_O7bxLyf3EkiYAvafvlkeK06_QfXs0QCIKnCgBoCZxkQAvD_BwE."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Okby, M.F.R., Neubert, S., Roddelkopf, T., and Thurow, K. (2021). Mobile Detection and Alarming Systems for Hazardous Gases and Volatile Chemicals in Laboratories and Industrial Locations. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21238128"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-015-9363-9","article-title":"A review of indoor air treatment technologies","volume":"14","author":"Luengas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-02699-9","article-title":"Urban eddy covariance measurements reveal significant missing NOx emissions in Central Europe","volume":"7","author":"Karl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2022, August 09). Germany\u2014Air Pollution Country Fact Sheet\u2014European Environment Agency. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/themes\/air\/country-fact-sheets\/2021-country-fact-sheets\/germany."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"(2022, August 09). Fundamentals of Air Pollution\u20145th Edition. Available online: https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/books\/fundamentals-of-air-pollution\/vallero\/978-0-12-401733-7."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"US EPA (2021, October 01). Introduction to Indoor Air Quality. 14 August 2014, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/indoor-air-quality-iaq\/introduction-indoor-air-quality."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1969.10665391","article-title":"Chronic Toxicity of Nitrogen Dioxide","volume":"18","author":"Blair","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Health Int. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(85)90127-9","article-title":"Biochemical assessment of acute nitrogen dioxide toxicity in rat lung","volume":"81","author":"Guth","year":"1985","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2007.01.044","article-title":"Metal oxides for solid-state gas sensors: What determines our choice?","volume":"139","author":"Korotcenkov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Al-Okby, M.F.R.A., Neubert, S., Roddelkopf, T., and Thurow, K. (2021, January 18\u201320). Integration and Testing of Novel MOX Gas Sensors for IoT-based Indoor Air Quality Monitoring. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 21st International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Informatics (CINTI), Budapest, Hungary."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Yin, L., Zhang, L., Xiang, D., and Gao, R. (2010). Metal Oxide Gas Sensors: Sensitivity and Influencing Factors. Sensors, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/s100302088"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Okby, M.F.R., Neubert, S., Roddelkopf, T., Fleischer, H., and Thurow, K. (2022). Evaluating of IAQ-Index and TVOC Parameter-Based Sensors for Hazardous Gases Detection and Alarming Systems. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041473"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15143","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3009911","article-title":"A Cloud-Connected NO2 and Ozone Sensor System for Personalized Pediatric Asthma Research and Management","volume":"20","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siemuri, A., Glocker, T., Mekkanen, M., Kauhaniemi, K., Mantere, T., R\u00f6sgren, J., Kuusisto, J., and Elmusrati, M. (2019, January 26\u201327). Design and Implementation of a Wireless Automation Module for Diesel Engines. Proceedings of the 2019 27th Telecommunications Forum (\u2121FOR), Belgrade, Serbia.","DOI":"10.1109\/TELFOR48224.2019.8971093"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, M., Aleem, S., Karim, A., Ghazanfar, F., Hai, M., and Hussain, K. (2020, January 26\u201327). Design of Low Cost, Energy Efficient, IoT Enabled, Air Quality Monitoring System with Cloud Based Data Logging, Analytics and AI. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Smart Technologies (ICETST), Karachi, Pakistan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICETST49965.2020.9080705"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glass, T., Ali, S., Parr, B., Potgieter, J., and Alam, F. (2020, January 9\u201311). IoT Enabled Low Cost Air Quality Sensor. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAS48726.2020.9220079"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, Y., Gu, M., Zhu, G., Tan, T., Liu, K., and Gao, X. (2020). Fully Integrated Photoacoustic NO2 Sensor for Sub-ppb Level Measurement. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20051270"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neubert, S., Roddelkopf, T., Al-Okby, M.F.R., Junginger, S., and Thurow, K. (2021). Flexible IoT Gas Sensor Node for Automated Life Science Environments Using Stationary and Mobile Robots. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21217347"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noh, J., Kwon, S.-H., Park, S., Kim, K.-K., and Yoon, Y.-J. (2021). TiO2 Nanorods and Pt Nanoparticles under a UV-LED for an NO2 Gas Sensor at Room Temperature. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21051826"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2022, October 17). Effect of Temperature and Humidity on the Sensing Performance of TiO2 Nanowire-Based Ethanol Vapor Sensors\u2014IOPscience. Available online: https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1361-6528\/abfd54."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2022, October 17). Info_Note_MOX_Sensor.pdf. Available online: https:\/\/sensirion.com\/media\/documents\/0083CDF4\/6294DFEA\/Info_Note_MOX_sensor.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"(2022, October 17). SGP41\u2014VOC and NOx Sensor for Smartly Regulating Air Treatment Devices. Available online: https:\/\/sensirion.com\/products\/catalog\/SGP41\/."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2022, October 17). Sensirion_Gas_Sensors_Datasheet_SGP41.pdf. Available online: https:\/\/sensirion.com\/media\/documents\/5FE8673C\/61E96F50\/Sensirion_Gas_Sensors_Datasheet_SGP41.pdf."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/21\/8161\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:02:15Z","timestamp":1760144535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/21\/8161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s22218161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22218161","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,25]]}}}