{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T18:30:38Z","timestamp":1774031438985,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Social Fund (ESF)\u2014AIM: Attraction and International Mobility","award":["AIM1845825\u20141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AIM1845825\u20141"]}]},{"name":"European Social Fund (ESF)\u2014AIM: Attraction and International Mobility","award":["EP\/R00398X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R00398X\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"EPSRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AIM1845825\u20141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AIM1845825\u20141"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"EPSRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/R00398X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/R00398X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wearable sensors for sweat biomarkers can provide facile analyte capability and monitoring for several diseases. In this work, a green wearable sensor for sweat absorption and chloride sensing is presented. In order to produce a sustainable device, polylactic acid (PLA) was used for both the substrate and the sweat absorption pad fabrication. The sensor material for chloride detection consisted of silver-based reference, working, and counter electrodes obtained from upcycled compact discs. The PLA substrates were prepared by thermal bonding of PLA sheets obtained via a flat die extruder, prototyped in single functional layers via CO2 laser cutting, and bonded via hot-press. The effect of cold plasma treatment on the transparency and bonding strength of PLA sheets was investigated. The PLA membrane, to act as a sweat absorption pad, was directly deposited onto the membrane holder layer by means of an electrolyte-assisted electrospinning technique. The membrane adhesion capacity was investigated by indentation tests in both dry and wet modes. The integrated device made of PLA and silver-based electrodes was used to quantify chloride ions. The calibration tests revealed that the proposed sensor platform could quantify chloride ions in a sensitive and reproducible way. The chloride ions were also quantified in a real sweat sample collected from a healthy volunteer. Therefore, we demonstrated the feasibility of a green and integrated sweat sensor that can be applied directly on human skin to quantify chloride ions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T22:36:17Z","timestamp":1666910177000},"page":"8223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Green and Integrated Wearable Electrochemical Sensor for Chloride Detection in Sweat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Lopresti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, RU INSTM of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Patella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, RU INSTM of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Divita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, RU INSTM of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Zanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, RU INSTM of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5479-2803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Botta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, RU INSTM of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7358-951X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Radacsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, King\u2019s Buildings, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7554-1536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alan","family":"O\u2019Riordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanotechnology Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12R5CP Cork, Ireland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6362-8952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Aiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, RU INSTM of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8185-8230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u00efwenn","family":"Kersaudy-Kerhoas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8166-7998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosalinda","family":"Inguanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, RU INSTM of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3185-8398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"La Carrubba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, RU INSTM of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chung, M., Fortunato, G., and Radacsi, N. 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