{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:24:09Z","timestamp":1760232249407,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan","award":["22H03281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22H03281"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Few standards and guidelines to prevent health problems have been associated with tablet use. We estimated the effects of posture and tablet tilt angle on muscle activity and posture in healthy young adults. Seventeen healthy young adults (age: 20.5 \u00b1 3 years) performed a cognitive task using a tablet in two posture (sitting and standing) and tablet tilt angle (0 degrees and 45 deg) conditions. Segment and joint kinematics were evaluated using 16 inertial measurement unit sensors. Neck, trunk, and upper limb electromyography (EMG) activities were monitored using 12 EMG sensors. Perceived discomfort, kinematics, and EMG activities were compared between conditions using the Friedman test. The perceived discomfort in the standing-0 deg condition was significantly higher than in the remaining three conditions. Standing posture and tablet inclination significantly reduced the sagittal segment and joint angles of the spine, compared with sitting and flat tablet conditions. Similarly, standing posture and tablet inclination significantly reduced EMG activities of the dorsal neck, upper, and lower trunk muscles, while increasing EMG activity of shoulder flexors. Standing posture and tablet inclination reduced the sagittal flexion angle, and dorsal neck, upper, and lower trunk muscle activities, while potentially increasing the muscle activity of arm flexors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T22:36:17Z","timestamp":1666910177000},"page":"8237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physical Load While Using a Tablet at Different Tilt Angles during Sitting and Standing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1205-165X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yosuke","family":"Tomita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Care, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki 370-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1472-059X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshitaka","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akari","family":"Shibagaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5224-3491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shingo","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Informatics, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, Takasaki 370-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1069-2605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshizo","family":"Matsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatognathic Function and Occlusal Reconstruction, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Japanese Cabinet Office (2022, September 25). 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