{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T14:35:23Z","timestamp":1773930923356,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020R1A2C1008484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C1008484"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Kwangwoon University Excellent Research Support Program 2022","award":["2020R1A2C1008484"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A2C1008484"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A 24 GHz millimeter-wave direct-conversion radio-frequency (RF) receiver with wide-range and precise I\/Q mismatch calibration is designed in 65 nm CMOS technology for radar sensor applications. The CMOS RF receiver is based on a quadrature direct-conversion architecture. Analytic relations are derived to clearly exhibit the individual contributions of the I\/Q amplitude and phase mismatches to the image-rejection ratio (IRR) degradation, which provides a useful design guide for determining the range and resolution of the I\/Q mismatch calibration circuit. The designed CMOS RF receiver comprises a low-noise amplifier, quadrature down-conversion mixer, baseband amplifier, and quadrature LO generator. Controlling the individual gate bias voltages of the switching FETs in the down-conversion mixer having a resistive load is found to induce significant changes at the amplitude and phase of the output signal. In the calibration process, the mixer gate bias tuning is first performed for the amplitude mismatch calibration, and the remaining phase mismatch is then calibrated out by the varactor capacitance tuning at the LO buffer\u2019s LC load. Implemented in 65 nm CMOS process, the RF receiver achieves 31.5 dB power gain, \u221235.2 dBm input-referred 1 dB compression power, and 4.8\u20137.1 dB noise figure across 22.5\u201326.1 GHz band, while dissipating 106.2 mA from a 1.2 V supply. The effectiveness of the proposed I\/Q mismatch calibration is successfully verified by observing that the amplitude and phase mismatches are improved from 1.0\u20131.5 dB to 0.02\u20130.19 dB, and from 10.8\u201323.8 to 1.1\u20133.2 degrees, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]],"date-time":"2022-10-27T22:36:17Z","timestamp":1666910177000},"page":"8246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A 24 GHz CMOS Direct-Conversion RF Receiver with I\/Q Mismatch Calibration for Radar Sensor Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yongho","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}]},{"given":"Soyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Suwon 16677, Korea"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1141-3428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunchol","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lazaro, A., Lazaro, M., Villarino, R., Girbau, D., and Paco, P. 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