{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T21:19:10Z","timestamp":1786051150434,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]],"date-time":"2022-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An experimental procedure for characterizing the size-of-source effect (SSE) is proposed. Such an effect is the cause of one of the main influence variables generating uncertainty in the measurement, both in calibration and use, of direct reading radiation thermometers (RT). The procedure and uncertainty calculation described in the paper are aligned in terms of metrological traceability, with the requirements generally imposed to ensure the accuracy of measurements in industry and science. Results of application and validation of this particular procedure with equipment, including black body (BB) sources normally used in radiation thermometry calibration laboratories in the industrial field, are shown.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T10:47:57Z","timestamp":1667126877000},"page":"8284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Measurement, Validation and Uncertainty of an Experimental Procedure to Characterize the Size-of-Source Effect of Radiation Thermometers, in the Framework of an Industrial Calibration Laboratory"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9030-6721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"de Lucas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de T\u00e9cnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Centro de Metrolog\u00eda y Calibraci\u00f3n, Ctra. de Ajalvir, km 4, 28850 Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) (2019). The International System of Units (SI), Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). [9th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ILAC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, OIML, and BIPM Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (2012). International Vocabulary of Metrology\u2014Basic and General Concepts and Associated Terms (VIM), JCGM 200:2012, BIPM. [3rd ed.]. 2008 version with minor corrections."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2018). ISO\/CASCO Committee on Conformity Assessment, General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories (Standard No. ISO\/IEC 17025:2017). September 2017 Corrected May 2018."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/46\/1\/008","article-title":"On the characterization and correction of the size-of-source effect in radiation thermometers","volume":"46","author":"Saunders","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1007\/s10765-008-0385-1","article-title":"Uncertainty Budgets for Calibration of Radiation Thermometers below the Silver Point","volume":"29","author":"Saunders","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/17\/6\/007","article-title":"System for the determination of the size-of-source effect of radiation thermometers with the direct reading of temperature","volume":"17","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dewitt, D.P., and Nutter, G.D. (1988). Radiation Thermometers: Design Principles and Operating Characteristics. Theory and Practice of Radiation Thermometry, Wiley Interscience.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470172575"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1515\/mms-2016-0050","article-title":"Influence of Size of Source Effect on Accuracy of LWIR Radiation Thermometers","volume":"23","author":"Cywiak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metrol. Meas. Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"025104","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/20\/2\/025104","article-title":"Calibration and use of low-temperature direct-reading radiation thermometers","volume":"20","author":"Saunders","year":"2009","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"421","article-title":"Establishing a practical temperature standard by using a narrow-band radiation thermometer with a silicon detector","volume":"Volume 5","author":"Schooley","year":"1982","journal-title":"Temperature: Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/34\/3\/1","article-title":"General interpolation equations for the calibration of radiation thermometers","volume":"34","author":"Saunders","year":"1997","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/40\/4\/309","article-title":"Physical basis of interpolation equations for radiation thermometry","volume":"40","author":"Saunders","year":"2003","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Bloembergen, P., Duan, Y., Bosma, R., and Yuan, Z. (1996, January 10\u201312). The characterization of radiation thermometers subject to the size-of-source effect. Proceedings of the TEMPMEKO 1996, 6th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science, Torino, Italy."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Jimeno-Largo, P., Yamada, Y., Bloembergen, P., Villama\u00f1an, M.A., and Machin, G. (2004, January 21\u201325). Numerical analysis of the temperature drop across the cavity wall of high temperature fixed points for radiation thermometry. Proceedings of the TEMPMEKO 2004, 9th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science, Zagreb, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10765-014-1757-3","article-title":"A Simple Geometrical Model for Calculation of the Effective Emissivity in Blackbody Cylindrical Cavities","volume":"36","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Thermophys."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"BIPM, IEC, IFCC, ISO, IUPAC, IUPAP, OIML, and BIPM Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (2008). Evaluation of Measurement Data Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement JCGM 100:2008 (GUM 1995 with Minor Corrections), BIPM. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Entidad Nacional de Acreditaci\u00f3n (ENAC) (2022, July 20). Accreditation No.16\/LC10.007, Rev. 17, Date 15\/01\/2021. Available online: http:\/\/www.enac.es."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/53\/1\/61","article-title":"Uncertainty calculation of the effective emissivity of cylinder-conical blackbody cavities","volume":"53","author":"Segovia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2016). ISO, Technical Committee ISO\/TC 69\/SC 6 Measurement Methods and Results, Statistical Methods for Use in Proficiency Testing by Interlaboratory Comparison (Standard No. ISO 13528:2015). Aug\/2015 Corrected Oct\/2016."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2017.12.023","article-title":"Towards quantitative small-scale thermal imaging","volume":"117","author":"McMillan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1068\/htrt166","article-title":"Size-of-source effect correction for a thermal imaging radiation thermometer","volume":"31","author":"Saunders","year":"1999","journal-title":"High Temp.-High Press."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2535","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1287832","article-title":"Testing and evaluation of thermal cameras for absolute temperature measurement","volume":"39","author":"Chrzanowski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/21\/8284\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:05:19Z","timestamp":1760144719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/21\/8284"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s22218284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22218284","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,28]]}}}