{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T03:23:35Z","timestamp":1785900215838,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Within the field of products for autism spectrum disorder, one of the main research areas is focused on the development of assistive technology. Mid and high-tech products integrate interactive and smart functions with multisensory reinforcements, making the user experience more intuitive, adaptable, and dynamic. These products have a very significant impact on improving the skills of children with autism, including collaboration and social skills, which are essential for the integration of these children into society and, therefore, their well-being. This work carried out an exhaustive analysis of the scientific literature, as well as market research and trends, and patent analysis to explore the state-of-the-art of assistive technology and smart products for children with ASD, specifically those aimed at improving social and communication skills. The results show a reduced availability of products that act as facilitators of the special needs of children with ASD, which is even more evident for products aimed at improving collaboration skills. Products that allow the participation of several users simultaneously through multi-user interfaces are required. On top of this, the trend toward virtual environments is leading to a loss of material aspects in the design that are essential for the development of these children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]],"date-time":"2022-10-30T10:47:57Z","timestamp":1667126877000},"page":"8321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Assistive Technology to Improve Collaboration in Children with ASD: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges in the Smart Products Sector"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6677-3258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Ca\u00f1ete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0252-9349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estela","family":"Peralta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, 41011 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5, American Psychiatric Association.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2009.10.011","article-title":"Exploring the Social Competence of Students with Autism Spectrum Conditions in a Collaborative Virtual Learning Environment-The Pilot Study","volume":"54","author":"Cheng","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-4222(00)00031-7","article-title":"Teaching Children with Autism to Initiate and Sustain Cooperative Play11Parts of This Manuscript Are Based on the First and Second Author\u2019s Thesis for the Cand. Psychol. Degree, Submitted to the De-partment of Psychology, University of Oslo","volume":"21","author":"Jahr","year":"2000","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1868-x","article-title":"Facilitating Other-Awareness in Low-Functioning Children with Autism and Typically-Developing Preschoolers Using Dual-Control Technology","volume":"44","author":"Holt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Autism. Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011.10.011","article-title":"Developing Methods for Understanding Social Behavior in a 3D Virtual Learning Environment","volume":"28","author":"Schmidt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Human Behav."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"30","article-title":"Promoting Sharing Behaviours in Children through the Use of a Customised Novel Computer System","volume":"99","author":"Menzies","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM Access. Comput."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"(2022, October 24). Marcus Autism Center Sharing Toys, Taking Turns and Even Talking to Other Kids Can Be Big Steps for Kids with Autism. These Strategies from Marcus Autism Center Help Your Child Learn Interactive Play. Available online: https:\/\/www.marcus.org\/autism-resources\/autism-tips-and-resources\/promoting-play-with-others."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Caro, L. (2022, October 24). El Juego Adaptado Como Preparaci\u00f3n En El Uso de Ayudas T\u00e9cnicas. Available online: https:\/\/docplayer.es\/18935422-El-juego-adaptado-como-preparacion-en-el-uso-de-ayudas-tecnicas-luis-martin-caro-eoep-especifico-de-discapacidad-motora.html."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Serrano Saucedo, P.J. (2021, December 27). Aprendizaje Colaborativo a Trav\u00e9s Del Juego En Alumnos\/as Con Autismo. Dehesa Repostorio Institucinal. Available online: http:\/\/dehesa.unex.es\/handle\/10662\/5037."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"15","article-title":"Collaboration Support in Co-Located Collaborative Systems for Users with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"37","author":"Raposo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0138-4","article-title":"Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"6","author":"Lord","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329171400172X","article-title":"The Epidemiology and Global Burden of Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"45","author":"Baxter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holeva, V., Nikopoulou, V.-A., Papadopoulou, M., Vrochidou, E., Papakostas, G.A., and Kaburlasos, V.G. (2019). Toward Robot-Assisted Psychosocial Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Social Robotics, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference, ICSR 2019, Madrid, Spain, 26\u201329 November 2019, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-35888-4_45"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-017-0562-8","article-title":"Assessment of the Utility of Gesture-Based Applications for the Engagement of Chinese Children with Autism","volume":"17","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Univers. Access Inf. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1080\/1475939X.2015.1127855","article-title":"\u2018You Should Collaborate, Children\u2019: A Study of Teachers\u2019 Design and Facilitation of Children\u2019s Collaboration around Touchscreens","volume":"25","author":"Davidsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Technol. Pedagog. Educ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1080\/17439884.2015.1050036","article-title":"Being Together in Classrooms at the Interface of the Physical and Virtual: Implications for Collaboration in on\/off-Screen Sites","volume":"41","author":"Burnett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Learn Media Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"85","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Virtual Reality in Education","volume":"10","author":"Kavanagh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Themes Sci. Technol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118664","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3005296","article-title":"Applied Behavior Analysis for the Treatment of Autism: A Systematic Review of Assistive Technologies","volume":"8","author":"Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valencia, K., Rusu, C., Qui\u00f1ones, D., and Jamet, E. (2019). The Impact of Technology on People with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Literature Review. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204485"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2019.1685016","article-title":"Robot Applications for Autism: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"16","author":"Saleh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.05.002","article-title":"Serious Games to Teach Social Interactions and Emotions to Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)","volume":"113","author":"Grossard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s40692-021-00202-y","article-title":"Global Trends in the Application of Virtual Reality for People with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Conceptual, Intellectual and the Social Structure of Scientific Production","volume":"9","author":"Lorenzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradley, R., Newbutt, N., Bradley, R., and Newbutt, N. (2018). Autism and Virtual Reality Head-Mounted Displays: A State of the Art Systematic Review, Emerald Group Publishing.","DOI":"10.1108\/JET-01-2018-0004"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Review of Assistive Technology in the Training of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders","volume":"68","author":"Gkiolnta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-016-0346-y","article-title":"Are Robots Ready to Deliver Autism Interventions? A Comprehensive Review","volume":"8","author":"Begum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huijnen, C.A., AS Lexis, M., and de Witte, L.P. (2017). Robots as New Tools in Therapy and Education for Children with Autism. Int. J. Neurorehabil., 4.","DOI":"10.4172\/2376-0281.1000278"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DiPietro, J., Kelemen, A., Liang, Y., and Sik-Lanyi, C. (2019). Computer- and Robot-Assisted Therapies to Aid Social and Intel-lectual Functioning of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55080440"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s12369-018-0508-1","article-title":"Leveraging Robotics Research for Children with Autism: A Review","volume":"11","author":"Ismail","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Soc. Robot"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baykal, G.E., van Mechelen, M., and Eriksson, E. (2020, January 21). Collaborative Technologies for Children with Special Needs. Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3313831.3376291"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361313479454","article-title":"Pilot Clinical Application of an Adaptive Robotic System for Young Children with Autism","volume":"18","author":"Bekele","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10209-005-0116-3","article-title":"Robotic Assistants in Therapy and Education of Children with Autism: Can a Small Humanoid Robot Help Encourage Social Interaction Skills?","volume":"4","author":"Robins","year":"2005","journal-title":"Univers. Access Inf. Soc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attawibulkul, S., Asawalertsak, N., Suwawong, P., Wattanapongsakul, P., Jutharee, W., and Kaewkamnerdpong, B. (2019, January 10\u201313). Using a Daily Routine Game on the BLISS Robot for Supporting Personal-Social Development in Children with Autism and Other Special Needs. Proceedings of the 2019 58th Annual Conference of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers of Japan (SICE), Tokyo, Japan.","DOI":"10.23919\/SICE.2019.8859853"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1109\/TCDS.2020.2983333","article-title":"Understanding the Role of Objects in Joint Attention Task Framework for Children With Autism","volume":"13","author":"Jyoti","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Cogn. Dev. Syst."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, S., Srivastava, S., Achary, K., Varkey, B., Heimonen, T., Hakulinen, J.S., Turunen, M., and Rajput, N. (2016, January 27). Promoting Joint Attention with Computer Supported Collaboration in Children with Autism. Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2818048.2819930"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2019.0115","article-title":"Mixed Reality, Full-Body Interactive Experience to Encourage Social In-itiation for Autism: Comparison with a Control Nondigital Intervention","volume":"23","author":"Crowell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Herrero, J., Lorenzo-Lled\u00f3, G., and Carreres, A.L. (2018). A Bibliometric Study on the Use of Virtual Reality (VR) as an Educational Tool for High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Children. Contemporary Perspective on Child Psychology and Education, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.71000"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiberg, M. (2018). The Materiality of Interaction, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262037518.003.0004"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2015.05.032","article-title":"Interaction, New Materials & Computing-Beyond the Disappearing Computer, towards Material Interactions","volume":"90","author":"Wiberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-016-2740-6","article-title":"Mapping Robots to Therapy and Educational Objectives for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"46","author":"Huijnen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Autism. Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00036","article-title":"Can Robotic Systems Promote Self-Disclosure in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder? A Pilot Study","volume":"9","author":"Kumazaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3235-9","article-title":"How to Implement Robots in Interventions for Children with Autism? A Co-Creation Study Involving People with Autism, Parents and Professionals","volume":"47","author":"Huijnen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Autism. Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3991\/ijes.v7i4.11448","article-title":"Robotics in Autism Intervention","volume":"7","author":"Ntaountaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Recent Contrib. Eng. Sci. IT"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silvera-Tawil, D., and Yates, C.R. (2018, January 27\u201331). Socially-Assistive Robots to Enhance Learning for Secondary Students with Intellectual Disabilities and Autism. Proceedings of the 2018 27th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human In-teractive Communication (RO-MAN), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROMAN.2018.8525743"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sicart, M. (2014). Play Matters, MIT Press.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/10042.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1037\/hum0000221","article-title":"Autism Spectrum Condition and COVID-19: Issues and Chances","volume":"48","author":"Narzisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Humanist. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1089\/aut.2020.29013.sjc","article-title":"An Expert Discussion on Autism in the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"2","author":"Cassidy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autism Adulthood"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-04950-9","article-title":"COVID-19 Pandemic and Impact on Patients with Autism Spec-trum Disorder","volume":"52","author":"Baweja","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Autism. Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2329","article-title":"COVID-19 and Autism Research: Perspectives from Around the Globe","volume":"13","author":"Amaral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Benjamin Joseph, A., Prakash, D., Lourdu Jennifer, J.R., and Thirumurugan, R.S.A. (2022). Engineering College Intelligent Assistive Device for Tamilnadu Autistic Children. (IN202241009551), India Patent."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Nedim, T.S. (2019). Systems, Environment and Methods for Emotional Recognition and Social Interaction Coaching, Springer."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Dongxin, X., and Terrance, P. (2015). System and Method for Expressive Language, Developmental Disorder and Emotion Assessment. (8938390), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Terrance, D.P. (2016). Systems and Methods for Expressive Language, Developmental Disorder, and Emotion Assessment, and Contextual Feedback. (20160351074A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Shiv, P.V. (2018). Web Server Based 24\/7 Care Management System for Better Quality of Life to Alzheimer, Dementia, Autistic and Assisted Living People Using Artificial Intelligent Based Smart Devices. (20180253954), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Gu, J., and Yang, S. (2018). Multi-Sensory Training System Based on 3D Printing Technology. (CN108744220)."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Wendt, O. (2019). Generative Language Training Using Electronic Display. (20190130780), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Kumar Kotra, M., Thomas, J., Mohan kumar, N., and Reddy Jonnalagadda, R. (2021). Electronic Platform Aiding Persons Having Autism. (IN201941032153)."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Vaughan, B., Taraman, S.K., and Abbas, A.H. (2020). Personalized Digital Therapy Methods and Devices. (WO2020198065)."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Yu, D., Miao, J., and Zhang, L. (2019). An Autism Spectrum Disorder Children Cooperation Ability Intervention System and Method. (CN109599162)."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Conlan, M., and Thanh, T. (2016). Child Development Platform. (20160027323), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Liu, L., Chen, L., Gui, W., Zhang, K., Liu, S., Yang, Z., Xu, R., and Peng, S. (2018). Autism Intervention System Integrated with Real Character Image. (CN108665555)."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Ajgaonkar, B.V. (2021). System and Method for Autism Children To Practise Social Skills By Using Virtual Reality Technology. (IN202021008757)."},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Li, J. (2021). Social Communication Function Training Method for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. (CN113284625)."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Nithya, S.T. (2021). Design of Personalized Virtual Home to Teach Fire Safety Skills For Autism Spectrum Disorder. (IN202141006253)."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Zhai, G., Fang, Y., and Fan, L. (2020). Autism Training System, Method and Device Based on Virtual Reality Technology. (CN111009318)."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Cai, Z. (2019). Autism Fusion Training System Based on VR Technology. (CN210433827)."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Yussof, H.B. (2017). Robot-Mediated Tele-Rehabilitation System for Autism Therapy. (MYPI 2017703633)."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Giap, H., and Wong, G. (2019). Virtual Reality Medical Application System. (20190366030), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Palanikumar, K., Sreedevi, B., Navaneeth, P., Akshay, H., Nirmalraj, M., and Athreya, S. (2018). Mind Controlled Gaming for The Differently Abled. (IN201841016343)."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Li, J. (2021). Robot for Adjuvant Therapy of Infantile Autism. (CN107283389 A)."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Li, Z., Wu, X., Huang, Y., Han, L., Zhang, Q., Chen, H., Li, Y., and Lu, X. (2019). Intelligent Robot for Adjuvant Therapy of Autistic Children. (CN109986573)."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Dong, R. (2017). Auxiliary Communication Device for Children with Autism. (CN107307865)."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Stoianovici, D., and Mahoor, M. (2020). Therapeutic Social Robot. (20200406468), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Zheng, S., Yang, A., Song, Y., Qiao, H., Li, X., and Zhao, X. (2015). Self -Closing Disease Children\u2019s Assistive Robot and System. (CN204637246)."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Liu, X., Fu, D., Xu, J., Xie, L., Wang, Z., and Wu, R. (2014). Intelligent Remote Social Adjuvant Therapy Robot for Autism Children. (CN103612252)."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Fischer, G.S., Su, H., Dickstein-Fischer, L., Harrington, K., and Alexander, E.V. (2019). System and Method Of Pervasive Developmental Disorder Interventions. (20190108770 S), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Chen, D., Zhao, W., Lu, Z., Shen, P., Zhou, Q., Zhou, Q., and Liang, L. (2019). Autism Child Social Behavior Expression Characteristic Analysis System Based on Machine Learning. (CN109920551)."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Chen, S., Zhang, M., Yang, X., Zhao, Z., and Zhu, D. (2021). Autism Speech Feature Auxiliary Recognition Robot and Method Thereof. (CN112259126)."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Xie, L., Gong, F., and Wang, Z. (2011). Multi-Sensor Information Collection Analyzing System and Autism Children Monitoring Auxiliary System. (CN102176222)."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Kaewkamnerdpong, B., Jutharee, W., and Santatiwongchai, S. (2019). Automatic Mobile Robot for Facilitating Activities to Improve Child Development. (20190270026), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Chung Hyuk, P., and Hifza, J. (2021). Robot-Aided System and Method For Diagnosis Of Autism Spectrum Disorder. (20210236032), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Chung Hyuk, P. (2017). Emotional Interaction Apparatus. (20170365277), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Stiehl Walter, D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Breazeal, C., Lee, J.K., Maymin, A.Z., Knight, H., Toscano, R.L., and Cheung, I.M. (2009). Interactive Systems Employing Robotic Companions. (20090055019), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. (2018). Autism Children\u2019s Complementary Education Robot. (CN108098797)."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Casey, M. (2017). Device and Method for Instilling Intrinsic Motivation Regarding Eye Contact in Children Affected by Eye Contact Disorders. (20170360647), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"Shi, A. (2018). Intelligent Home Robot for Treating Autism. (CN108536179)."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Dautenhahn, K., Robins, B., and Wood, L. (2018). An Interactive Humanoid Robot Using RFID Tagged Objects. (GB2552981)."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Murdjeva, Y.I., and Murdjeva, N.A. (2018). Collaboration Between A Robot And A Hologram. (EP3312824)."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"Chen, X. (2022). Autism Robot with Multi-Angle Recognition Device. (CN216229398)."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Cabibihan, J.-J., Javed, H., Sadasivuni, K.K., and Alhaddad, A.Y. (2019). Smart Robotic Therapeutic Learning Toy. (20190184299), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Zietchick, M.T. (2014). System And Method For Associating Auditory Stimuli With Visual Depictions. (20140045158), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"McGreevy, T. (2022). Sensory Engagement Toy. (20220054796), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"He, J., Li, N., Li, Q., Sun, J., Wang, P., and Yang, Z. (2020). Autistic Child Toy. (CN211585212)."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Fan, R. (2020). Social Game Teaching Aid for Children with Autism Spectrum. (CN211827784)."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Hu, X., Fan, T., Huang, W., and Bi, J. (2018). Building Blocks Subassembly. (CN206995863)."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Martin, J. (2019). Childs Ball Toy with Changing Facial Expressions And Features. (WO2019180397)."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"da Silva, D.J. (2013). A Toy for Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum and Cerebral Palsy. (AU2013903846)."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Walker, M., Walker, J., and Reilly, D. (2007). Method and Apparatus For Developing A Person\u2019s Behavior. (20070117073), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Li, J., and Ouyang, Z. (2019). Autistic Children Language Communication Training System, Toy and Device. (CN208839045)."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Li, Y. (2021). Intelligent Dialogue Psychotherapy Device for Infantile Patient with Autism. (CN214232379)."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"He, L. (2015). Autistic Child Treating Toy. (CN204364892)."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Chen, W., and Chu, X. (2016). Rehabilitation Exercise Toy for Children Suffering from Infantile Autism. (CN106139577)."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Niderla, K., and Maciejewski, M. (2021). Rehabilitation Zoomorphic Robot Similar to a Plush Toy, Dedicated to Work with Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. (PL433091)."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Hu, X., Fan, T., Huang, W., and Bi, J. (2017). Picture Arragement Teaching Aid. (CN207249926)."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"(2022, March 23). AutisMIND. Available online: https:\/\/autismind.com\/."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"(2022, March 23). Appnotize UG. LetMeTalk for Mobile. Available online: https:\/\/aulaabierta.arasaac.org\/en\/letmetalk-for-mobile-devices-0-home."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"(2022, March 23). HelpMeTalk. Available online: https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.hycsapp.hlpmetlk&hl=es&gl=US."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"(2022, March 23). Mason Brothers. Aut2Talk. Available online: https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=ca.masonbrothers.aut2talk&hl=en&gl=US."},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Usalla, M.C. (2022, March 23). AutismXpress for Android. Available online: https:\/\/apkpure.com\/autismxpress\/air.com.emotion.AutismXpressLite."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"(2022, March 23). Shmoontz Apps. CommBoards_Terapia Del Autismo AAC. Available online: https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.shmoontz.commboards&hl=es&gl=US."},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"(2022, March 23). Dream Oriented Leeloo AAC-Autism Speech App for Nonverbal Kids. Available online: https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=org.dreamoriented.leeloo&hl=en_US."},{"key":"ref_111","unstructured":"(2022, March 23). Catedra de Accessibilidad. ECO: Easy Communicator. Available online: https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.catac.easy_communicator&hl=es&gl=US."},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"NCSOFT (2022, March 23). Injini. Available online: https:\/\/apps.apple.com\/es\/app\/injini\/id452962000."},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"(2022, March 23). AssistiveWare. Proloquo2Go. Available online: https:\/\/apps.apple.com\/us\/app\/proloquo2go\/id1475643220?mt=12."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"Ingrisielli, S. (2022, March 23). Theraputic Robot NUKA Coming to San Pedro. Available online: https:\/\/www.thecultureclique.com\/nuka-robot-event\/."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"D\u00e9couvrez, L. (2022, March 23). l\u2019outil Robotis\u00e9 Pour Les Enfants En Situation de Handicap. Available online: https:\/\/leka.io\/."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"(2022, March 23). SoftBank Robotics. SoftBank Robotics NAO the Humanoid and Programmable Robot. Available online: https:\/\/www.softbankrobotics.com\/emea\/en\/nao."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"(2022, March 23). University of Hertfordshire Meet Kaspar | Kaspar the Social Robot. Available online: https:\/\/www.herts.ac.uk\/kaspar\/meet-kaspar."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"(2022, March 23). LuxAI QTrobot. Educational Robot for at Home Education of Children with Autism. Available online: https:\/\/luxai.com\/robot-for-teaching-children-with-autism-at-home\/?gclid=CjwKCAjwiuuRBhBvEiwAFXKaNA270iS84tF1uFmQ2NK4hNN5eTJYJNkist-cTlmnz7bj96nKTpfxdxoCKGYQAvD_BwE."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"(2022, March 23). SoftBank Robotics. SoftBank Robotics Pepper the Humanoid and Programmable Robot. Available online: https:\/\/www.softbankrobotics.com\/emea\/en\/pepper."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"(2022, March 23). BeatBots. BeatBots-My Keepon. Available online: https:\/\/beatbots.net\/my-keepon."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"(2022, March 24). Hape Mighty Echo Microphone | E0337 | Hape Toys. Available online: https:\/\/www.hape.com\/de\/en\/toy\/mighty-echo-microphone\/E0337."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"(2022, March 24). The Spark Innovations Spark Sequencing Cards-Junior\u2013The Spark Innovations. Available online: https:\/\/thesparkinnovations.com\/products\/spark-sequencing-cards-junior-edition."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"(2022, March 24). Hop\u2019Toys. Mono Que Repite-HOPTOYS. Available online: https:\/\/www.hoptoys.es\/lenguaje-oral\/mono-que-repite-p-13774.html."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"(2022, March 24). Amazon Chatback Roffle Mates AR5700MNKY Roffle Mates Monkey: Amazon.Co.Uk: Toys & Games. Available online: https:\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Chatback-Roffle-Mates-AR5700MNKY-Monkey\/dp\/B008I2PWSC."},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"(2022, March 24). Early Years Resources Tell Me What You See Barrier Game (BD)-Literacy from Early Years Resources UK. Available online: https:\/\/www.earlyyearsresources.co.uk\/literacy-c17\/speaking-and-listening-c367\/tell-me-what-you-see-barrier-game-bd-p47763."},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"(2022, March 24). Attainment Company GoTalk Express 32. Available online: https:\/\/www.attainmentcompany.com\/gotalk-express-32."},{"key":"ref_127","unstructured":"(2022, March 24). Miniland Educational Juego Emocional Emoticapsules | Miniland ES. Available online: https:\/\/minilandgroup.com\/educational\/en\/emoticapsules\/."},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"(2022, March 24). Akros Self-Esteem Roulette. Available online: https:\/\/akroseducational.com\/en\/p\/la-ruleta-de-la-autoestima\/."},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"(2022, March 24). Discovery Playtime The Colour Monster\u2014Discovery Playtime. Available online: https:\/\/discoveryplaytime.ie\/products\/the-colour-monster-figurines."},{"key":"ref_130","unstructured":"(2022, March 24). Fun4us Light Table. Available online: https:\/\/www.fun4us.es\/ficha-articulo.php?lg=en&cat=1&fam=17&sub=40&art=2143."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"(2022, March 24). Akros Enjoy the Seasons of the Year. Available online: https:\/\/akroseducational.com\/en\/p\/enjoy-the-seasons-of-the-year\/."},{"key":"ref_132","unstructured":"WHO (2014). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health."},{"key":"ref_133","unstructured":"Lentini, R., Vaughn, B.J., and Fox, L. (2022, October 24). University of South Florida Teaching Tools for Young Children with Challenging Behavior. Early Intervention Positive Behavior Support 2005. Available online: https:\/\/challengingbehavior.org\/pyramid-model\/behavior-intervention\/teaching-tools\/."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"12","article-title":"Assistive Technology: 10 Things to Know. Library Media Connection","volume":"25","author":"Hopkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"ERIC"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miranda, J., Cortes, D., Ponce, P., Noguez, J., Molina, E.J.M., Lopez, E.O., and Molina, A. (2018, January 12\u201314). Sensing, Smart and Sustainable Products to Support Health and Well-Being in Communities. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCI46756.2018.00153"},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"Blaco, E., and Ceres, R. (2013). Rob\u00f3tica M\u00f3vil: Una Herramienta Para Interacci\u00f3n de Ni\u00f1os Con Autismo. Libro de Actas. VII Congreso Iberoamericano de Tecnolog\u00edas de Apoyo a la Discapacidad-IBERDISCAP, Iberdiscap."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2018.08.015","article-title":"Fog Computing for Healthcare 4.0 Environment: Opportunities and Challenges","volume":"72","author":"Kumari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hornb\u00e6k, K., and Oulasvirta, A. (2017, January 2). What Is Interaction?. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York, NY, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/3025453.3025765"},{"key":"ref_139","unstructured":"Iversen, O.S., Krogh, P.G., and Petersen, M.G. (2004). Fourth Danish Human-Computer Interaction Research Symposium, Department of Computer Science, Aalborg University."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cagiltay, K., Kara, N., and Cigdem, C. (2014). Smart Toy Based Learning: Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology. Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, Springer. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-3185-5_56"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-5885.2009.00332.x","article-title":"How Today\u2019s Consumers Perceive Tomorrow\u2019s Smart Products","volume":"26","author":"Hultink","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Prod. Innov. Manag."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2018.2848518","article-title":"Introduction to the Special Section: Convergence of Automation Tech-nology, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics Toward the Healthcare 4.0","volume":"11","author":"Pang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Rev. Biomed. Eng."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/21\/8321\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:06:00Z","timestamp":1760144760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/21\/8321"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s22218321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22218321","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,30]]}}}