{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:01:33Z","timestamp":1791392493254,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFB1711400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFB1711400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52075485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52075485"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021C03112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C03112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFB1711400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFB1711400"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52075485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52075485"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021C03112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C03112"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Research and Development Program","award":["2020YFB1711400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFB1711400"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Research and Development Program","award":["52075485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52075485"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Key Research and Development Program","award":["2021C03112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C03112"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Automated inspection technology based on computer vision is now widely used in the manufacturing industry with high speed and accuracy. However, metal parts always appear in high gloss or shadow on the surface, resulting in the overexposure of the captured images. It is necessary to adjust the light direction and view to keep defects out of overexposure and shadow areas. However, it is too tedious to adjust the position of the light direction and view the variety of parts\u2019 geometries. To address this problem, we design a photometric-stereo-based defect detection system (PSBDDS), which combines the photometric stereo with defect detection to eliminate the interference of highlights and shadows. Based on the PSBDDS, we introduce a photometric-stereo-based defect detection framework, which takes images captured in multiple directional lights as input and obtains the normal map through the photometric stereo model. Then, the detection model uses the normal map as input to locate and classify defects. Existing learning-based photometric stereo methods and defect detection methods have achieved good performance in their respective fields. However, photometric stereo datasets and defect detection datasets are not sufficient for training and testing photometric-stereo-based defect detection methods, thus we create a photometric stereo defect detection (PSDD) dataset using our PSBDDS to eliminate gaps between learning-based photometric stereo and defect detection methods. Furthermore, experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed PSBBD and PSDD dataset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T08:15:12Z","timestamp":1667376912000},"page":"8374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Photometric-Stereo-Based Defect Detection System for Metal Parts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yanlong","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binjie","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingxi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengning","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuyi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Academy of Special Equipment Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310023, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Special Equipment Safety Testing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangxin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1007\/s11771-016-3350-3","article-title":"Improved Sobel algorithm for defect detection of rail surfaces with enhanced efficiency and accuracy","volume":"23","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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