{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T05:13:13Z","timestamp":1768972393021,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]],"date-time":"2022-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Regional Development Fund of the European Union","award":["T1E\u2206K-00350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T1E\u2206K-00350"]}]},{"name":"Greek national funds","award":["T1E\u2206K-00350"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T1E\u2206K-00350"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An overview of the electric field mill sensor specifications in applications related to the measurement of the atmospheric electric field was conducted. The different design approaches of the field mill sensor interface are presented and analyzed, while the sensitivity-related parameters of a field mill are discussed. The design of a non-complex analog sensor interface that can be employed for the measurement of the electric field in both fair and foul weather conditions, such as thunderstorms, is implemented using discrete components for experimental validation and is optimized in an integrated version in terms of noise and power consumption. Advanced noise simulations are conducted in a 180 nm CMOS process (XH018 XFAB). The energy-autonomous operation of the sensor for extended periods of time is made feasible due to the low power consumption of the front-end circuitry (165 \u03bcW at 3 V) as well as the proposed intermittent style of operation of the motor. The total sensing system is low power, and its realization is simple and cost-effective, while also offering adequate sensitivity (45 mV\/kV\/m), making it comparable to the existing works.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T03:36:44Z","timestamp":1667360204000},"page":"8405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Analog Sensor Interface for Field Mill Sensors in Atmospheric Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5935-6357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoi","family":"Agorastou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Laboratory, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1867-7488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Noulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Laboratory, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stylianos","family":"Siskos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronics Laboratory, Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAS.1983.318035","article-title":"Development of Field-Mill Instruments for Ground-Level and Above-Ground Electric Field Measurement under HVDC Transmission Lines","volume":"102","author":"Maruvada","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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