{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T05:59:18Z","timestamp":1767851958348,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Foundations of China","award":["12072364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12072364"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundations of China","award":["21JCQNJC00880"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21JCQNJC00880"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundations of China","award":["19JCQNJC02500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19JCQNJC02500"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundations of Tianjin","award":["12072364"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12072364"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundations of Tianjin","award":["21JCQNJC00880"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21JCQNJC00880"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundations of Tianjin","award":["19JCQNJC02500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19JCQNJC02500"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The identification of damage based on Lamb waves can hardly avoid obtaining the reference signal under healthy conditions. A non-reference damage localization (NRDL) method is proposed in this paper. The NRDL method is established by the improved two-arrival-time difference method (2\/ATDM) and BFGS method. The layout principles of the piezoelectric ceramic lead zirconate titanate (PZT) transducer array in the specimen are proposed. In contrast to existing methods, the damage outside the array in the specimen is identified based on the NRDL. The full-area damage location in the specimen is realized. Furthermore, the optimization of the excitation signal center frequency and transducer array layout is carried out. The damage location accuracy is greatly improved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,3]],"date-time":"2022-11-03T03:53:07Z","timestamp":1667447587000},"page":"8432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Numerical and Experimental Research on Non-Reference Damage Localization Based on the Improved Two-Arrival-Time Difference Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6428-3132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaogang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Aeronautical Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China"}]},{"given":"Kangwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Aeronautical Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China"}]},{"given":"Dinghe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Aeronautical Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5002-3030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xing","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"}]},{"given":"Pengcheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Aeronautical Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kehlenbach, M., and Hanselka, H. 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