{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T21:44:25Z","timestamp":1776289465299,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]],"date-time":"2022-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667520000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Musculoskeletal disorders can be associated with advanced clinical stages of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of active stretching (AS) training on lower limb venous function and quality of life in patients affected by CVI. (2) Methods: A prospective two-armed pilot randomized controlled was conducted. Twenty (20) CVI patients were randomly assigned to an AS training or to a control group (C) who did not receive any exercise indication. At baseline and after three months all the participants were tested for leg volumetry (LV), air plethysmography (APG), and quality of life (QoL) measured by a disease specific validated questionnaire (VVSymQ), ankle range of motion (ROM), and postural deformities using an optoelectronic body posture machine. (3) Results: At the end of the training in the AS group a significant leg volume reduction was detected (from 2340 \u00b1 239 mL to 2239 \u00b1 237 mL (4.3%); p &lt; 0.0001), whereas in the C group no significant volume changes were found. The ejection fraction rate (EF%) increased significantly from 49.3 \u00b1 9.3 to 61.1 \u00b1 14.5, p &lt; 0.005. A moderate-strong linear correlation with EF% and ankle ROM variation was found (R2 = 0.6790; p &lt; 0.0034). Several postural outcomes such as pelvic tilt, pelvic torsion, and lordotic angle significantly improved in the AS group (p &lt; 0.01, p &lt; 0.04, p &lt; 0.01 respectively). (4) Conclusion: The AS training impacts on the APG parameters related to the musculoskeletal pump efficiency, opening a further possibility in the management of CVI patients by means of an appropriate adapted physical exercise program.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T03:02:22Z","timestamp":1667790142000},"page":"8509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Effect of Active Stretching Training in Patients with Chronic Venous Insufficiency Monitored by Raster-Stereography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0850-1654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica","family":"Menegatti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Mandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy"}]},{"given":"Anselmo","family":"Pagani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Diseases Center, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Mandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Zerbini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8645-0445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Piva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Raisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marinella","family":"Fabbri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Fogli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy"}]},{"given":"Gianni","family":"Mazzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Exercise Science and Sport, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Zamboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Diseases Center, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Gianesini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Diseases Center, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800810204","article-title":"Epidemiology of varicose veins","volume":"81","author":"Callam","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. 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