{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T23:16:33Z","timestamp":1782947793948,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,5]],"date-time":"2022-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["734331"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["734331"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper proposes energy-efficient solutions for the smart light-emitting diode (LED) lighting system, which provides minimal energy consumption while simultaneously satisfying illuminance requirements of the users in a typical office space. In addition to artificial light from dimmable LED lamps, natural daylight coming from external sources, such as windows, is considered as a source of illumination in an indoor environment. In order to reduce total energy consumption, the smart LED system has the possibility to dim LED lamps, resulting in reduced LED output power. Additionally, various LED lamps\u2019 functionality, such as semi-angle of the half illuminance and LED tilting, are introduced as an additional parameter to be optimized to achieve greater energy saving of the designed system. In order to properly exploit external lighting, the idea to reduce overall daylight intensity at a users\u2019 location is realized by the option to dim the windows with a shading factor. Based on the users\u2019 requirements for a minimal and desired level of illumination, the proposed optimization problems can be solved by implementing different optimization algorithms. The obtained solutions are able to give instructions to a smart LED system to manage and control system parameters (LEDs dimming levels, semi-angles of the half illuminance, orientation of LEDs, the shading factor) in order to design total illumination, which ensures minimal energy consumption and users\u2019 satisfaction related to illuminance requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T03:02:22Z","timestamp":1667790142000},"page":"8523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Smart Dimmable LED Lighting Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1861-2668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milica","family":"Petkovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dragana","family":"Bajovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dejan","family":"Vukobratovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7544-8796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juraj","family":"Machaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5442-9246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Brida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graeme","family":"McCutcheon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ramboll, Clockwise, Glasgow G2 3BZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8112-1976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Stankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1075-2420","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Stankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jes.7500490","article-title":"Indoor time-microenvironment-activity patterns in seven regions of Europe","volume":"17","author":"Schweizer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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