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hereditary optic atrophy, etc. The conventional calibration approaches require the specific parameters of the fundus camera or several specially shot images of the chess board, but these are generally not accessible, and the calibration results cannot be generalized to other cameras. Based on automated ROI (region of interest) and optic disc detection, the diameter ratio of ROI and optic disc (ROI\u2013disc ratio) is quantitatively analyzed for a large number of fundus images. With the prior knowledge of the average diameter of an optic disc in fundus, the pixel pitch can be statistically estimated from a large number of fundus images captured by a specific camera without the availability of chess board images or detailed specifics of the fundus camera. Furthermore, for fundus cameras of FOV (fixed field-of-view), the pixel pitch of a fundus image of 45\u00b0 FOV can be directly estimated according to the automatically measured diameter of ROI in the pixel. The average ROI\u2013disc ratio is approximately constant, i.e., 6.404 \u00b1 0.619 in the pixel, according to 40,600 fundus images, captured by different cameras, of 45\u00b0 FOV. In consequence, the pixel pitch of a fundus image of 45\u00b0 FOV can be directly estimated according to the automatically measured diameter of ROI in the pixel, and results show the pixel pitches of Canon CR2, Topcon NW400, Zeiss Visucam 200, and Newvision RetiCam 3100 cameras are 6.825 \u00b1 0.666 \u03bcm, 6.625 \u00b1 0.647 \u03bcm, 5.793 \u00b1 0.565 \u03bcm, and 5.884 \u00b1 0.574 \u03bcm, respectively. Compared with the manually measured pixel pitches, based on the method of ISO 10940:2009, i.e., 6.897 \u03bcm, 6.807 \u03bcm, 5.693 \u03bcm, and 6.050 \u03bcm, respectively, the bias of the proposed method is less than 5%. Since our method doesn\u2019t require chess board images or detailed specifics, the fundus structures on the fundus image can be measured accurately, according to the pixel pitch obtained by this method, without knowing the type and parameters of the camera.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T08:17:12Z","timestamp":1667895432000},"page":"8565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A Generic Pixel Pitch Calibration Method for Fundus Camera via Automated ROI Extraction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3572-4415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tengfei","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6831-7560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haidong","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai 200040, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7152-1012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhou","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evision Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiqun","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evision Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evision Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saiguang","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evision Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingyan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Eye Disease Prevention and Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai 200040, China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.2.6","article-title":"Insights into Systemic Disease through Retinal Imaging-Based Oculomics","volume":"9","author":"Wagner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. 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