{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T17:32:07Z","timestamp":1774891927000,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]],"date-time":"2022-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research and development of new smart sensor technology to promote the development of green energy","award":["202104BN050011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202104BN050011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional contact voltage measurement requires a direct electrical connection to the system, which is not easy to install and maintain. The voltage measurement based on the electric field coupling plate capacitance structure does not need to be in contact with the measured object or the ground, which can avoid the above problems. However, most of the existing flat-plate structure voltage measurement sensors are not only expensive to manufacture, but also bulky, and when the relative position between the wire under test and the sensor changes, it will bring great measurement errors, making it difficult to meet actual needs. Aiming to address the above problems, this paper proposes a multi-electrode array structure non-contact voltage sensor and signal processing algorithm. The sensor is manufactured by the PCB process, which effectively reduces the manufacturing cost and process difficulty. The experimental and simulation results show that, when the relative position of the wire and the sensor is offset by 10 mm in the 45\u00b0 direction, the relative error of the traditional single-electrode voltage sensor is 17.62%, while the relative error of the multi-electrode voltage sensor designed in this paper is only 0.38%. In addition, the ratio error of the sensor under the condition of power frequency of 50 Hz is less than \u00b11% and the phase difference is less than 4\u00b0. The experimental results show that the sensor has good accuracy and linearity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22218573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T08:17:12Z","timestamp":1667895432000},"page":"8573","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Research on a Non-Contact Multi-Electrode Voltage Sensor and Signal Processing Algorithm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Wenbin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yonglong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rujin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingxing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065002","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0052678","article-title":"A non-intrusive voltage measurement scheme based on MEMS electric field sensors: Theoretical analysis and experimental verification of AC power lines","volume":"92","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reza, M., and Rahman, H.A. (2021, January 7\u201310). Non-Invasive Voltage Measurement Technique for Low Voltage AC Lines. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 4th International Conference on Electronics Technology (ICET), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICET51757.2021.9450978"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2021.110262","article-title":"An online detection method for capacitor voltage transformer with excessive measurement error based on multi-source heterogeneous data fusion","volume":"187","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Femine, A.D., Gallo, D., Landi, C., Schiavo, A.L., and Luiso, M. (2019). Low Power Contactless Voltage Sensor for Low Voltage Power Systems. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19163513"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Z., Shi, W., Lei, T., He, Z., and Kang, P. (2022, January 2\u20133). Transient voltage measurement for UHV AC substation using non-contact electro-optic field sensor. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on AC and DC Power Transmission (ACDC 2022), online.","DOI":"10.1049\/icp.2022.1274"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012115","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1453\/1\/012115","article-title":"Non-contact sensing and modelling on the voltage and electric field for powered transmission line","volume":"1453","author":"Fuqing","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72766","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2880309","article-title":"Research on the Algorithm and Test of Transmission Line Voltage Measurement Based on Electric Field Integral Method","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6006808","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2022.3211551","article-title":"An Electronic Voltage Transducer Based on Electrostatic Charge Escape","volume":"71","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wetula, A., Bie\u0144, A., and Parekh, M. (2021). New Sensor for Medium- and High-Voltage Measurement. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14154654"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan, J., Ai, C., Guo, A., Yan, X., and Wang, J. (2021). Evaluation of Electric Field Integral Voltage Measurement Method of Transmission Line Based on Error Transmission and Uncertainty Analysis. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21134340"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Zhao, Y., Li, W., Zeng, X., Tang, J., Wang, Y., and Deng, X. (2018). Research on Transmission Line Voltage Measurement Method of D-Dot Sensor Based on Gaussian Integral. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18082455"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Liu, J., Peng, C., Liu, X., Wu, Z., and Zheng, F. (2022). Design and Testing of a Non-Contact MEMS Voltage Sensor Based on Single-Crystal Silicon Piezore-sistive Effect. Micromachines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi13040619"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1057","article-title":"Contactless Voltage Measurement Considering Spatially Dependent Voltage Compensation","volume":"34","author":"Leng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1108\/SR-05-2021-0160","article-title":"Design of an electro-optical sensor with high sensitivity for AC electric field measurement","volume":"42","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32865","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.437535","article-title":"Quantum enhanced electro-optic sensor for E-field measurement","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Lin, Y., and Xie, N. (2022). Design of optical voltage sensor based on electric field regulation and rotating isomerism electrode. arXiv.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICHVE53725.2022.10014472"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33716","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.437915","article-title":"Optical voltage sensor based on a piezoelectric thin film for grid applications","volume":"29","author":"Edmunds","year":"2021","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"064001","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6439\/abf631","article-title":"Non-intrusive DC voltage measurement based on resonant electric field microsensors","volume":"31","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Micromech. Microeng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shenil, P., and George, B. (2018, January 26\u201328). An auto-balancing scheme for non-contact ac voltage measurement. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 9th International Workshop on Applied Measurements for Power Systems (AMPS), Bologna, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/AMPS.2018.8494863"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorla, D.P.M., Janus, P., and Edin, H. (2022, January 13\u201315). Non-contact Voltage Measurement Technique for On-Line Monitoring of Transient Overvolt-ages. Proceedings of the Nordic Insulation Symposium, Trondheim, Norway.","DOI":"10.5324\/nordis.v27i1.4876"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, X., Wang, L., and Zhou, Y. (2021, January 19\u201321). Design of Reciprocal Optical Path for Voltage Measurement Based on Pockels Effect. Proceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Digital Society and Intelligent Systems (DSInS), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/DSInS54396.2021.9670581"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6617","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-019-00969-y","article-title":"High-resistance voltage dividers fabricated by thin polysilicon films in silicon drift detectors","volume":"30","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2019.2907734","article-title":"Nonintrusive energy meter for nontechnical losses identification","volume":"69","author":"Martins","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5755\/j01.eie.26.4.25888","article-title":"A Development of a Capacitive Voltage Divider for High Voltage Measurement as Part of a Combined Current and Voltage Sensor","volume":"26","author":"Hrbac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elektron. Elektrotech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2019.2926877","article-title":"A noncontact voltage measurement system for power-line voltage waveforms","volume":"69","author":"Haberman","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2018.2809079","article-title":"Noncontact ac voltage measurements: Error and noise analysis","volume":"67","author":"Haberman","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2021.3063346","article-title":"On the measurement of surface voltage of insulators and bushings","volume":"37","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"98","article-title":"Research on non-contact household voltage measuring device based on capacitive coupling principle","volume":"42","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electr. Autom."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3899","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2019.2916959","article-title":"Development of a nonintrusive true-rms ac voltage measurement probe","volume":"68","author":"Shenil","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.automatica.2021.109871","article-title":"Kalman filtering under unknown inputs and norm constraints","volume":"133","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Automatica"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozlov, V.K., Ivanov, D.A., and Kirzhatskikh, E.R. (2022, January 23\u201325). Voltage Measuring Sensor Based on Capacitive Voltage Divider. Proceedings of the 2022 International Ural Conference on Electrical Power Engineering (UralCon), Magnitogorsk, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/UralCon54942.2022.9906629"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/21\/8573\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:11:59Z","timestamp":1760145119000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/21\/8573"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s22218573"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22218573","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,7]]}}}