{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:28:17Z","timestamp":1760232497816,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007446","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["372\/43","PNURSP2022R140","22UQU4331004DSR05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["372\/43","PNURSP2022R140","22UQU4331004DSR05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007446","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["372\/43","PNURSP2022R140","22UQU4331004DSR05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["372\/43","PNURSP2022R140","22UQU4331004DSR05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006701","name":"Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["372\/43","PNURSP2022R140","22UQU4331004DSR05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["372\/43","PNURSP2022R140","22UQU4331004DSR05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS) and power-domain non-orthogonal multiple access (PD-NOMA) have recently gained significant attention for enhancing the performance of next-generation wireless communications networks. More specifically, IRS can smartly reconfigure the incident signal of the source towards the destination node, extending the wireless coverage and improving the channel capacity without consuming additional energy. On the other side, PD-NOMA can enhance the number of devices in the network without using extra spectrum resources. This paper proposes a new optimization framework for IRS-enhanced NOMA communications where multiple drones transmit data to the ground Internet of Things (IoT) devices under successive interference cancellation errors. In particular, the power budget of each drone, PD-NOMA power allocation of IoT devices, and the phase shift matrix of IRS are simultaneously optimized to enhance the total spectral efficiency of the system. Given the system model and optimization setup, the formulated problem is coupled with three variables, making it very complex and non-convex. Thus, this work first transforms and decouples the problem into subproblems and then obtains the efficient solution in two steps. In the first step, the closed-form solutions for the power budget and PD-NOMA power allocation subproblem at each drone are obtained through Karush\u2013Kuhn\u2013Tucker (KKT) conditions. In the second step, the subproblem of efficient phase shift design for each IRS is solved using successive convex approximation and DC programming. Numerical results demonstrate the performance of the proposed optimization scheme in comparison to the benchmark schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T08:52:56Z","timestamp":1667897576000},"page":"8603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Joint Power Control and Phase Shift Design for Future PD-NOMA IRS-Assisted Drone Communications under Imperfect SIC Decoding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Saddam","family":"Aziz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Advances in Reliability and Safety, New Territories, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0223-898X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Irshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, The Hongkong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kallekh","family":"Afef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, College of Science & Arts at Mahayil, King Khalid University, Mohail Asser, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0443-1049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba G.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Najm","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince Saud AlFaisal Institute for Diplomatic Studies, Riyadh 11553, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Tarmissi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computing and Information System, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca 24382, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mrim M.","family":"Alnfiai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manar Ahmed","family":"Hamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Self Development, Preparatory Year Deanship, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, W.U., Lagunas, E., Ali, Z., Javed, M.A., Ahmed, M., Chatzinotas, S., Ottersten, B., and Popovski, P. (2022). 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