{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T17:05:31Z","timestamp":1776531931685,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667865600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST 111-2221-E-011-017-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2221-E-011-017-MY2"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["TSGH-NTUST-110-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-NTUST-110-05"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["TSGH-NTUST-111-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-NTUST-111-07"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["TSGH-A-110005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-A-110005"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["TSGH-C108-050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-C108-050"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["TSGH-E-109223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-E-109223"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["TSGH-A-111013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-A-111013"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MND-MAB-110-129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MND-MAB-110-129"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MND-MAB-D-112143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MND-MAB-D-112143"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology\u2014Tri-Service General Hospital Joint Research Program","award":["MOST 111-2221-E-011-017-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2221-E-011-017-MY2"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology\u2014Tri-Service General Hospital Joint Research Program","award":["TSGH-NTUST-110-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-NTUST-110-05"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology\u2014Tri-Service General Hospital Joint Research Program","award":["TSGH-NTUST-111-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-NTUST-111-07"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology\u2014Tri-Service General Hospital Joint Research Program","award":["TSGH-A-110005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-A-110005"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology\u2014Tri-Service General Hospital Joint Research Program","award":["TSGH-C108-050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-C108-050"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology\u2014Tri-Service General Hospital Joint Research Program","award":["TSGH-E-109223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-E-109223"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology\u2014Tri-Service General Hospital Joint Research Program","award":["TSGH-A-111013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-A-111013"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology\u2014Tri-Service General Hospital Joint Research Program","award":["MND-MAB-110-129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MND-MAB-110-129"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology\u2014Tri-Service General Hospital Joint Research Program","award":["MND-MAB-D-112143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MND-MAB-D-112143"]}]},{"name":"Li-Wei Wu","award":["MOST 111-2221-E-011-017-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2221-E-011-017-MY2"]}]},{"name":"Li-Wei Wu","award":["TSGH-NTUST-110-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-NTUST-110-05"]}]},{"name":"Li-Wei Wu","award":["TSGH-NTUST-111-07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-NTUST-111-07"]}]},{"name":"Li-Wei Wu","award":["TSGH-A-110005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-A-110005"]}]},{"name":"Li-Wei Wu","award":["TSGH-C108-050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-C108-050"]}]},{"name":"Li-Wei Wu","award":["TSGH-E-109223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-E-109223"]}]},{"name":"Li-Wei Wu","award":["TSGH-A-111013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSGH-A-111013"]}]},{"name":"Li-Wei Wu","award":["MND-MAB-110-129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MND-MAB-110-129"]}]},{"name":"Li-Wei Wu","award":["MND-MAB-D-112143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MND-MAB-D-112143"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulse measurements made using wearable devices can aid the monitoring of human physiological condition. Accurate estimation of waveforms is often difficult for nonexperts; motion artifacts may occur during tonometry measurements when the skin\u2013sensor contact pressure is insufficient. An alternative approach is to extract only high-quality pulses for use in index calculations. The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of using machine-learning analysis in discriminating between high-quality and low-quality pulse waveforms induced by applying different contact pressures. Radial blood pressure waveform (BPW) signals were measured noninvasively in healthy young subjects using a strain-gauge transducer. One-minute-long trains of pulse data were measured when applying the appropriate contact pressure (67.80 \u00b1 1.55 mmHg) and a higher contact pressure (151.80 \u00b1 3.19 mmHg). Eight machine-learning algorithms were employed to evaluate the following 40 harmonic pulse indices: amplitude proportions and their coefficients of variation and phase angles and their standard deviations. Significant differences were noted in BPW indices between applying appropriate and higher skin\u2013surface contact pressures. The present appropriate contact pressure could not only provide a suitable holding force for the wearable device but also helped to maintain the physiological stability of the underlying tissues. Machine-learning analysis provides an effective method for distinguishing between the high-quality and low-quality pulses with excellent discrimination performance (leave-one-subject-out test: random-forest AUC = 0.96). This approach will aid the development of an automatic screening method for waveform quality and thereby improve the noninvasive acquisition reliability. Other possible interfering factors in practical applications can also be systematically studied using a similar procedure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]],"date-time":"2022-11-08T08:52:56Z","timestamp":1667897576000},"page":"8607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Machine-Learning Classification of Pulse Waveform Quality"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Te","family":"Ouyoung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"},{"name":"Health Management Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wan-Ling","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting-Yu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia-Chien","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4744-7646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li-Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"},{"name":"Health Management Center, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6761-3774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hsin","family":"Hsiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3529","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2006.260136","article-title":"Reflectance forehead pulse oximetry: Effects of contact pressure during walking","volume":"2006","author":"Dresher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Conf. 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