{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T10:31:21Z","timestamp":1763202681789,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Medium access control (MAC) protocols in ad hoc networks have evolved from single-channel independent transmission mechanisms to multi-channel concurrent mechanisms to efficiently manage the demands placed on modern networks. The primary aim of this study is to compare the performance of popular multi-channel MAC (MMAC) protocols under saturated network traffic conditions and propose improvements to the protocols under these conditions. A novel, dynamically adaptive MMAC protocol was devised to take advantage of the performance capabilities of the evaluated protocols in changing wireless ad hoc network conditions. A simulation of the familiar MAC protocols was developed based on a validated simulation of the IEEE 802.11 standard. Further, the behaviors and performances of these protocols are compared against the proposed MMAC protocols with a varying number of ad hoc stations and concurrent wireless channels in terms of throughput, Jain\u2019s fairness index, and channel access delay. The results show that the proposed MMAC protocol, labeled E-SA-MMAC, outperforms the existing protocols in throughput by up to 11.9% under a constrained number of channels and in channel access delays by up to 18.3%. It can be asserted from these observations that the proposed approach provides performance benefits against its peers under saturated traffic conditions and other factors, such as the number of available wireless channels, and is suitable for dynamic ad hoc network deployments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]],"date-time":"2022-11-10T02:11:15Z","timestamp":1668046275000},"page":"8666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Adaptive and Spectrally Efficient Multi-Channel Medium Access Control Protocol for Dynamic Ad Hoc Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3562-2446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdurrahman","family":"Beg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3809-4247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saud Mohammad","family":"Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3888-3975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"AbdulAziz","family":"AbdulGhaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7879-1469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek R.","family":"Sheltami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Mobility and Logistics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9043-2568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashraf","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Center of Smart Mobility and Logistics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10179","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3049945","article-title":"Modeling and evaluation of software defined networking based 5G core network architecture","volume":"9","author":"Abdulghaffar","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdul Ghaffar, A.A., Mahmoud, A., Sheltami, T., and Abu-Amara, M. 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