{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:28:08Z","timestamp":1760232488321,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UMBC Strategic Awards for Research Transitions (START)","award":["HCC-2053498","2042203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HCC-2053498","2042203"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HCC-2053498","2042203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HCC-2053498","2042203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NSF Planning IUCRC","award":["HCC-2053498","2042203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HCC-2053498","2042203"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Substance use disorder (SUD) is a dangerous epidemic that develops out of recurrent use of alcohol and\/or drugs and has the capability to severely damage one\u2019s brain and behaviour. Stress is an established risk factor in SUD\u2019s development of addiction and in reinstating drug seeking. Despite this expanding epidemic and the potential for its grave consequences, there are limited options available for management and treatment, as well as pharmacotherapies and psychosocial treatments. To this end, there is a need for new and improved devices dedicated to the detection, management, and treatment of SUD. In this paper, the negative effects of SUD-related stress were discussed, and based on that, a few significant biomarkers were selected from a set of eight features collected by a chest-worn device, RespiBAN Professional, on fifteen individuals. We used three machine learning classifiers on these optimal biomarkers to detect stress. Based on the accuracies, the best biomarkers to detect stress and those considered as features for classification were determined to be electrodermal activity (EDA), body temperature, and a chest-worn accelerometer. Additionally, the differences between mental stress and physical stress, as well as different administrations of meditation during the study, were identified and analysed. Challenges, implications, and applications were also discussed. In the near future, we aim to replicate the proposed methods in individuals with SUD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T04:30:52Z","timestamp":1668400252000},"page":"8703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Identifying Biomarkers for Accurate Detection of Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Kiran","family":"Jambhale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vinjamuri Lab, Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Smridhi","family":"Mahajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vinjamuri Lab, Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Rieland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vinjamuri Lab, Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nilanjan","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vinjamuri Lab, Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abhijit","family":"Dutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vinjamuri Lab, Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sai Praveen","family":"Kadiyala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vinjamuri Lab, Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1650-5524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramana","family":"Vinjamuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vinjamuri Lab, Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2021). 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