{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T16:52:35Z","timestamp":1777654355633,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668124800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Informatics and Management UHK","award":["Integration of Departmental Research Activities and Students\u2019 Research Activities Support II"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Integration of Departmental Research Activities and Students\u2019 Research Activities Support II"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dealing with the islanded operation of a microgrid (MG), the micro sources must cooperate autonomously to regulate the voltage and frequency of the local power grid. Droop controller-based primary control is a method typically used to self-regulate voltage and frequency. The first problem of the droop method is that in a steady state, the microgrid\u2019s frequency and voltage deviate from their nominal values. The second concerns the power-sharing issue related to mismatched power line impedances between Distribution Generators (DGs) and MGs. A Secondary Control Unit (SCU) must be used as a high-level controller for droop-based primary control to address the first problem. This paper proposed a decentralized SCU scheme to deal with this issue using optimized PI controllers based on a Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The GA provides the appropriate adjustment parameters for all adopted PI controllers in the primary control-based voltage and current control loops and SCU-based voltage and frequency loops. ANNs are additionally activated in SCUs to provide precise online control parameter modification. In the proposed control structure, a virtual impedance method is adopted in the primary control scheme to address the power-sharing problem of parallel DGs. Further, in this paper, one of the main objectives includes electricity transmission over long distances using Low-Voltage DC Transmission (LVDCT) systems to reduce power losses and eradicate reactive power problems. Voltage Source Inverters (VSIs) are adopted to convert the DC electrical energy into AC near the consumer loads. The simulation results illustrated the feasibility of the proposed solutions in restoring voltage and frequency deviations, reducing line losses, as well as achieving active and reactive power sharing among the DGs connected to the MG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T04:30:52Z","timestamp":1668400252000},"page":"8709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["A New Decentralized Robust Secondary Control for Smart Islanded Microgrids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2023-5387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali M.","family":"Jasim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of Basrah, Basrah 61001, Iraq"},{"name":"Department of Communications Engineering, Iraq University College, Basrah 61001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1280-8918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basil H.","family":"Jasim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of Basrah, Basrah 61001, Iraq"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7788-7445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladim\u00edr","family":"Bure\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technologies, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, 500 03 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2595-3989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Mikuleck\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technologies, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, 500 03 Hradec Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhasnawi, B.N., Jasim, B.H., Issa, W., Anvari-Moghaddam, A., and Blaabjerg, F. 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