{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:29:17Z","timestamp":1760232557679,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"state of North Rhine-Westphalia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EFRE-0801299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFRE-0801299"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH","award":["EFRE-0801299"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFRE-0801299"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Frequency mixing magnetic detection (FMMD) has been explored for its applications in fields of magnetic biosensing, multiplex detection of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) and the determination of core size distribution of MNP samples. Such applications rely on the application of a static offset magnetic field, which is generated traditionally with an electromagnet. Such a setup requires a current source, as well as passive or active cooling strategies, which directly sets a limitation based on the portability aspect that is desired for point of care (POC) monitoring applications. In this work, a measurement head is introduced that involves the utilization of two ring-shaped permanent magnets to generate a static offset magnetic field. A steel cylinder in the ring bores homogenizes the field. By variation of the distance between the ring magnets and of the thickness of the steel cylinder, the magnitude of the magnetic field at the sample position can be adjusted. Furthermore, the measurement setup is compared to the electromagnet offset module based on measured signals and temperature behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T02:32:16Z","timestamp":1668479536000},"page":"8776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection Setup Employing Permanent Ring Magnets as a Static Offset Field Source"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6904-1447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Mohammad","family":"Pourshahidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Information Processing, Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0666-912X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Achtsnicht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nano-and Biotechnologies (INB), FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6143-2702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Offenh\u00e4usser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Information Processing, Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics, Computer Science and Natural Sciences, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7526-9894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans-Joachim","family":"Krause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological Information Processing, Bioelectronics (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich, 52425 J\u00fclich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Nano-and Biotechnologies (INB), FH Aachen University of Applied Sciences, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y.-T., Kolhatkar, A.G., Zenasni, O., Xu, S., and Lee, T.R. (2017). Biosensing Using Magnetic Particle Detection Techniques. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102300"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4307","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.1c01077","article-title":"Magnetic Nanomaterials in Microfluidic Sensors for Virus Detection: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Mehrbod","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629054","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.629054","article-title":"Review on Recent Progress in Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Diverse Applications","volume":"9","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"2009019","article-title":"Development of Novel Nanoparticles for MPI","volume":"6","author":"Herynek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Magn. Part. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"116","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Magnetic Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Degradation of Indigo Carmine Dye","volume":"5","author":"AbouSeada","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Energy Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2017.03.036","article-title":"Review on Magnetic Nanoparticles for Magnetic Nanofluid Hyperthermia Application","volume":"123","author":"Hedayatnasab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31553-9","article-title":"Combining Bulk Temperature and Nanoheating Enables Advanced Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia Efficacy on Pancreatic Tumor Cells","volume":"8","author":"Engelmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3164","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR07834C","article-title":"Controlling the Dominant Magnetic Relaxation Mechanisms for Magnetic Hyperthermia in Bimagnetic Core\u2013Shell Nanoparticles","volume":"11","author":"Fabris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Engelmann, U.M., Fitter, J.L., and Baumann, M. (2019). Assessing Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia: Magnetic Relaxation Simulation, Modeling of Nanoparticle Uptake inside Pancreatic Tumor Cells and in Vitro Efficacy, Infinite Science Publishing."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07062-1","article-title":"Towards Optimal Thermal Distribution in Magnetic Hyperthermia","volume":"12","author":"Rytov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Buzug, T.M., and Borgert, J. (2012). Magnetic Particle Imaging: A Novel SPIO Nanoparticle Imaging Technique. Springer Proceedings in Physics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-24133-8"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1811001","article-title":"Magnetic Nanoparticle-Gel Materials for Development of MPI and MRI Phantoms","volume":"4","author":"Mattern","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Magn. Part. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le, T.-A., Zhang, X., Hoshiar, A.K., and Yoon, J. (2017). Real-Time Two-Dimensional Magnetic Particle Imaging for Electromagnetic Navigation in Targeted Drug Delivery. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17092050"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guigou, C., Lalande, A., Millot, N., Belharet, K., and Grayeli, A.B. (2021). Use of Super Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers in Brain and Ear: State of the Art and Challenges. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11030358"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieciecka, D., R\u0119korajska, A., Cichy, D., Ko\u0144ska, P., \u017buk, M., and Krysi\u0144ski, P. (2022). Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Drug Carriers Modified with Tb3+ Ions. Nanomaterials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12050795"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehrafrooz, B., Pedram, M.Z., and Ghafar-Zadeh, E. (2018). An Improved Method for Magnetic Nanocarrier Drug Delivery across the Cell Membrane. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020381"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.12.110","article-title":"Rapid Detection of Salmonella Typhimurium Using Magnetic Nanoparticle Immunoseparation, Nanocluster Signal Amplification and Smartphone Image Analysis","volume":"284","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13686","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c00815","article-title":"Magnetic Particle Spectroscopy for Detection of Influenza A Virus Subtype H1N1","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2013.70","article-title":"A Magneto-DNA Nanoparticle System for Rapid Detection and Phenotyping of Bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Chung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Nanotechnol"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, P., Jonkheijm, P., Terstappen, L.W.M.M., and Stevens, M. (2020). Magnetic Particles for CTC Enrichment. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12123525"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jyoti, D., Gordon-Wylie, S.W., Reeves, D.B., Paulsen, K.D., and Weaver, J.B. (2022). Distinguishing Nanoparticle Aggregation from Viscosity Changes in MPS\/MSB Detection of Biomarkers. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22176690"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-8-381","article-title":"Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticle by Dynamic Light Scattering","volume":"8","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175016","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/aad97d","article-title":"Benchtop Magnetic Particle Relaxometer for Detection, Characterization and Analysis of Magnetic Nanoparticles","volume":"63","author":"Garraud","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2022.169969","article-title":"Resolving Ambiguities in Core Size Determination of Magnetic Nanoparticles from Magnetic Frequency Mixing Data","volume":"563","author":"Pourshahidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2022.169965","article-title":"Probing Particle Size Dependency of Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection with Dynamic Relaxation Simulation","volume":"563","author":"Engelmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"033918","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3463350","article-title":"Determination of Core and Hydrodynamic Size Distributions of CoFe2O4 Nanoparticle Suspensions Using Ac Susceptibility Measurements","volume":"108","author":"Ludwig","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2006.10.1164","article-title":"Magnetic Particle Detection by Frequency Mixing for Immunoassay Applications","volume":"311","author":"Krause","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietschmann, J., Dittmann, D., Spiegel, H., Krause, H.-J., and Schr\u00f6per, F. (2020). A Novel Method for Antibiotic Detection in Milk Based on Competitive Magnetic Immunodetection. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9121773"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pietschmann, J., Spiegel, H., Krause, H.-J., Schillberg, S., and Schr\u00f6per, F. (2020). Sensitive Aflatoxin B1 Detection Using Nanoparticle-Based Competitive Magnetic Immunodetection. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12050337"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achtsnicht, S., Neuendorf, C., Fa\u00dfbender, T., N\u00f6lke, G., Offenh\u00e4usser, A., Krause, H.-J., and Schr\u00f6per, F. (2019). Sensitive and Rapid Detection of Cholera Toxin Subunit B Using Magnetic Frequency Mixing Detection. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219356"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2006.04.001","article-title":"CRP Determination Based on a Novel Magnetic Biosensor","volume":"22","author":"Meyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2006.10.1175","article-title":"Francisella Tularensis Detection Using Magnetic Labels and a Magnetic Biosensor Based on Frequency Mixing","volume":"311","author":"Meyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03667-14","article-title":"Simple and Portable Magnetic Immunoassay for Rapid Detection and Sensitive Quantification of Plant Viruses","volume":"81","author":"Rettcher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2010.12.005","article-title":"Detection of Two Different Influenza A Viruses Using a Nitrocellulose Membrane and a Magnetic Biosensor","volume":"365","author":"Hong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pourshahidi, A.M., Achtsnicht, S., Nambipareechee, M.M., Offenh\u00e4usser, A., and Krause, H.-J. (2021). Multiplex Detection of Magnetic Beads Using Offset Field Dependent Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21175859"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engelmann, U.M., Shalaby, A., Shasha, C., Krishnan, K.M., and Krause, H.-J. (2021). Comparative Modeling of Frequency Mixing Measurements of Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Micromagnetic Simulations and Langevin Theory. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11051257"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achtsnicht, S., Pourshahidi, A.M., Offenh\u00e4usser, A., and Krause, H.-J. (2019). Multiplex Detection of Different Magnetic Beads Using Frequency Scanning in Magnetic Frequency Mixing Technique. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19112599"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2022, September 27). What Does Y35 Stand for?\u2014Supermagnete.De. Available online: https:\/\/www.supermagnete.de\/eng\/faq\/What-does-Y35-stand-for."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/22\/8776\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:17:42Z","timestamp":1760145462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/22\/8776"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s22228776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22228776","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]}}}