{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T01:11:26Z","timestamp":1771636286516,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nazarbayev University","award":["021220FD1851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["021220FD1851"]}]},{"name":"Nazarbayev University","award":["091019CRP2117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["091019CRP2117"]}]},{"name":"Nazarbayev University","award":["240919FD3908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["240919FD3908"]}]},{"name":"Nazarbayev University","award":["021220FD1851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["021220FD1851"]}]},{"name":"Nazarbayev University","award":["091019CRP2117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["091019CRP2117"]}]},{"name":"Nazarbayev University","award":["240919FD3908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["240919FD3908"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012632","name":"Nazarbayev University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["021220FD1851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["021220FD1851"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012632","name":"Nazarbayev University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["091019CRP2117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["091019CRP2117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012632","name":"Nazarbayev University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["240919FD3908"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["240919FD3908"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fiber-optic sensors are a powerful tool to investigate physical properties like temperature, strain, and pressure. Such properties make these sensors interesting for many applications including biomedical applications. Fiber sensors are also a great platform for distributed sensing by using the principles of optical frequency domain reflectometry. Distributed sensing is becoming more and more used to achieve high-resolution measurements and to map physical properties of biomaterials at small scale, thus obtaining 2D and 3D mapping of a particular area of interest. This work aims at building and investigating a 2D sensing carpet based on a distributed fiber sensing technique, to map local pressure applied to the carpet. The two-dimensional mapping is obtained by embedding a single-mode optical fiber inside a soft silicone carpet. The fiber has been bent and arranged in a specific configuration characterized by several parallel lines. Different fiber fixation methods have been investigated by means of a comparative analysis to perform better characterization and to achieve a more precise response of the carpet. The best pressure sensitivity coefficient (0.373 pm\/kPa or considering our setup 1.165 nm\/kg) was detected when the fiber was fully embedded inside the silicone carpet. This paper demonstrates the possibility of mapping a 2D distributed pressure over a surface with a resolution of 2 mm by 2 mm. The surface of investigation is 2 cm by 6 cm, containing 310 sensing points. The sensing carpet has been validated selecting several preferential positions, by testing the consistency of the results over different portions of the carpet.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T02:36:40Z","timestamp":1668479800000},"page":"8800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Investigation of High-Resolution Distributed Fiber Sensing System Embedded in Flexible Silicone Carpet for 2D Pressure Mapping"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Zhanerke","family":"Katrenova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0457-1025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shakhrizat","family":"Alisherov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2473-3017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Turar","family":"Abdol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6214-9607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madina","family":"Yergibay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Robotics Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanat","family":"Kappassov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Robotics Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6500-4964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Tosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"National Laboratory Astana, Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioinstruments, Kabanbay Batyr Ave, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9922-683X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Molardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yofte.2018.03.007","article-title":"Fiber optic sensors for sub-centimeter spatially resolved measurements: Review and biomedical applications","volume":"43","author":"Tosi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. 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