{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T23:53:59Z","timestamp":1776383639039,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN-2014-4100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2014-4100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ER17-13-052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ER17-13-052"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation, and Trade (MEDJCT) Early Researchers Award (ERA)","award":["RGPIN-2014-4100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN-2014-4100"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation, and Trade (MEDJCT) Early Researchers Award (ERA)","award":["ER17-13-052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ER17-13-052"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Soil tests for plant-available phosphorus (P) are suggested to provide offsite P analysis required to monitor P fertilizer application and reduce P losses to downstream water. However, procedural and cost limitations of current soil phosphate tests have restricted their widespread use and have made them accessible only in laboratories. This study proposes a novel paper-based reagentless electrochemical soil phosphate sensor to extract and detect soil phosphate using an inexpensive and simple approach. In this test, concentrated Mehlich-3 and molybdate ions were impregnated in filter paper, which served as the phosphate extraction and reaction zone, and was followed by electrochemical detection using cyclic voltammetry signals. Soil samples from 22 sampling sites were used to validate this method against inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP) soil phosphate tests. Regression and correlation analyses showed a significant relationship between phosphate determinations by ICP and the proposed method, delivering a correlation coefficient, r, of 0.98 and a correlation slope of 1.02. The proposed approach provided a fast, portable, low-cost, accessible, reliable, and single-step test to extract and detect phosphate simultaneously with minimum waste (0.5 mL per sample), which made phosphate characterization possible in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T02:36:40Z","timestamp":1668479800000},"page":"8803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A Novel Paper-Based Reagentless Dual Functional Soil Test to Instantly Detect Phosphate Infield"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Reem","family":"Zeitoun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7279-3597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viacheslav","family":"Adamchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Montreal, QC H9X 3V9, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0801-3546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asim","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Brady, N., and Weil, R. 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