{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:31:06Z","timestamp":1760232666858,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (BMWK)","award":["03ETE013D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03ETE013D"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We study the capability of nanosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (ns-LIBS) for depth-resolved concentration measurements of Li-Ion battery cathodes. With our system, which is optimized for quality control applications in the production line, we pursue the goal to unveil manufacturing faults and irregularities during the production process of cathodes as early as possible. Femtosecond laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (fs-LIBS) is widely considered to be better suited for depth-resolved element analysis. Nevertheless, the small size and intensity of the plasma plume, non-thermal energy distribution in the plasma and high investment costs of fs-LIBS make ns-LIBS more attractive for inline application in the industrial surrounding. The system, presented here for the first time, is able to record quasi-depth-resolved relative concentration profiles for carbon, nickel, manganese, cobalt, lithium and aluminum which are the typical elements used in the binder\/conductive additive, the active cathode material and the current collector. LIBS often causes high variations in signal intensity from pulse to pulse, so concentration determination is, in general, conducted on the average of many pulses. We show that the spot-to-spot variations we measure are governed by the microstructure of the cathode foil and are not an expression of the limited precision of the LIBS setup.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T04:39:03Z","timestamp":1668573543000},"page":"8816","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Homogeneity Measurements of Li-Ion Battery Cathodes Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Moritz","family":"Kappeler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Control, Fraunhofer Institute of Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Georges-K\u00f6hler-Allee 301, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Basler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Control, Fraunhofer Institute of Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Georges-K\u00f6hler-Allee 301, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albrecht","family":"Brandenburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Control, Fraunhofer Institute of Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Georges-K\u00f6hler-Allee 301, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7712-1893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Carl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Production Control, Fraunhofer Institute of Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Georges-K\u00f6hler-Allee 301, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"W\u00f6llenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gas and Process Technology, Fraunhofer Institute of Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Georges-K\u00f6hler-Allee 301, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"},{"name":"Laboratory for Gas Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-K\u00f6hler-Allee 102, 79110 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2005.01.006","article-title":"Ageing mechanisms in lithium-ion batteries","volume":"147","author":"Vetter","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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