{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T16:23:34Z","timestamp":1784391814996,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]],"date-time":"2022-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["61977058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61977058"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["KYS335622091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYS335622091"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation of Hangzhou Dianzi University","award":["61977058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61977058"]}]},{"name":"Research Foundation of Hangzhou Dianzi University","award":["KYS335622091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYS335622091"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Around the world, the COVID-19 pandemic has created significant obstacles for education, driving people to discover workarounds to maintain education. Because of the excellent benefit of cheap-cost information distribution brought about by the advent of the Internet, some offline instructional activity started to go online in an effort to stop the spread of the disease. How to guarantee the quality of teaching and promote the steady progress of education has become more and more important. Currently, one of the ways to guarantee the quality of online learning is to use independent online learning behavior data to build learning performance predictors, which can provide real-time monitoring and feedback during the learning process. This method, however, ignores the internal correlation between e-learning behaviors. In contrast, the e-learning behavior classification model (EBC model) can reflect the internal correlation between learning behaviors. Therefore, this study proposes an online learning performance prediction model, SA-FEM, based on adaptive feature fusion and feature selection. The proposed method utilizes the relationship among features and fuses features according to the category that achieved better performance. Through the analysis of experimental results, the feature space mined by the fine-grained differential evolution algorithm and the adaptive fusion of features combined with the differential evolution algorithm can better support online learning performance prediction, and it is also verified that the adaptive feature fusion strategy based on the EBC model proposed in this paper outperforms the benchmark method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T04:39:03Z","timestamp":1668573543000},"page":"8838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["SA-FEM: Combined Feature Selection and Feature Fusion for Students\u2019 Performance Prediction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7770-3957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingtao","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Media Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Sheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huannan Subdistrict Office, Dinghai District, Zhoushan 316000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanjie","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Media Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6264-5854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guodao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Media Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7714-9693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of AI Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4980-4160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Senhao","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Computer Science and Technology (College of Artificial Intelligence), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8901-2806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liting","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Media Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Adedoyin, O.B., and Soykan, E. 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