{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T14:21:00Z","timestamp":1766067660395,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Secreter\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["20221780","20220268","20221490","20220226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20221780","20220268","20221490","20220226"]}]},{"name":"Comisi\u00f3n de Operaci\u00f3n y Fomento de Actividades Acad\u00e9micas","award":["20221780","20220268","20221490","20220226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20221780","20220268","20221490","20220226"]}]},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda (CONACYT)","award":["20221780","20220268","20221490","20220226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20221780","20220268","20221490","20220226"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A Kalman filter can be used to fill space\u2013state reconstruction dynamics based on knowledge of a system and partial measurements. However, its performance relies on accurate modeling of the system dynamics and a proper characterization of the uncertainties, which can be hard to obtain in real-life scenarios. In this work, we explore how the values of a Kalman gain matrix can be estimated by using spiking neural networks through a combination of biologically plausible neuron models with spike-time-dependent plasticity learning algorithms. The performance of proposed neural architecture is verified with simulations of some representative nonlinear systems, which show promising results. This approach traces a path for its implementation in neuromorphic analog hardware that can learn and reconstruct partial and changing dynamics of a system without the massive power consumption that is typically needed in a Von Neumann-based computer architecture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T04:39:03Z","timestamp":1668573543000},"page":"8845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Implementation of Kalman Filtering with Spiking Neural Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0686-5200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Ju\u00e1rez-Lora","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Computaci\u00f3n, Mexico City 07738, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7547-7730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis M.","family":"Garc\u00eda-Sebasti\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Computaci\u00f3n, Mexico City 07738, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5699-0478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor H.","family":"Ponce-Ponce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Computaci\u00f3n, Mexico City 07738, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3217-908X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elsa","family":"Rubio-Espino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Computaci\u00f3n, Mexico City 07738, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4612-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Her\u00f3n","family":"Molina-Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Computaci\u00f3n, Mexico City 07738, Mexico"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0521-4898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Humberto","family":"Sossa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Computaci\u00f3n, Mexico City 07738, Mexico"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunton, S.L., and Kutz, J.N. 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