{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T22:36:49Z","timestamp":1776292609193,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chemnitz University of Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a new approach to the structural integration of piezoceramics into thin-walled steel components for condition-monitoring applications. The procedure for integrating the sensors into metal components is described, and their functionality is experimentally examined with a 2 mm-thick steel sheet. The signal quality of the produced sensors is investigated in a frequency range from 100 Hz to 50,000 Hz and is compared with the results of piezo patches and strain gauges under the same conditions. The results show that due to a higher signal-to-noise ratio and a better coherence, the structurally integrated piezoceramics and the piezo patches are more qualified sensors for vibration measurement in the examined frequency range than the strain gauges. The measurements also indicate that the patches provide higher amplitudes for the frequency range up to 20 kHz. Beyond that, up to 40 kHz, the integrated sensors supplied higher amplitudes. The better signal quality in different frequency ranges as well as the different manufacturing and application methods can be interpreted as an advantage or disadvantage depending on the boundary conditions of the condition-monitoring system. In summary, structural integrated piezoceramics extend the options of monitoring technology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228847","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T04:39:03Z","timestamp":1668573543000},"page":"8847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Comparison of Structural Integrated Piezoceramics, Piezoelectric Patches and Strain Gauges for Condition Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Jonas Maximilian","family":"Werner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Professorship for Adaptronics and Lightweight Design in Production, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Stra\u00dfe 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Max","family":"Engelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professorship Production Systems and Processes, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Stra\u00dfe 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8441-7342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professorship for Adaptronics and Lightweight Design in Production, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Stra\u00dfe 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9548-085X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Titsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professorship for Adaptronics and Lightweight Design in Production, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Stra\u00dfe 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Dix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professorship Production Systems and Processes, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Stra\u00dfe 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology IWU, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Welf-Guntram","family":"Drossel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Professorship for Adaptronics and Lightweight Design in Production, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Stra\u00dfe 70, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"},{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology IWU, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2018.08.318","article-title":"Challenges and Opportunities of Condition-based Predictive Maintenance: A Review","volume":"78","author":"Sakib","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.19026\/rjaset.7.502","article-title":"A Review of Sensor System and Application in Milling Process for Tool Condition Monitoring","volume":"7","author":"Rizal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. 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