{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T10:10:36Z","timestamp":1773655836220,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Agriculture in Krakow"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The relevance of the study is confirmed by the rapid development of automation in agriculture, in particular, horticulture; the lack of methodological developments to assess the effectiveness of the introduction of robotic technologies; and the need to expand the functionality of mobile robots. The purpose of the study was to increase the level of autonomy of a robotic platform for picking apple fruits based on a new method, develop a system of factors to determine the effectiveness of the introduction of robots in horticulture, and develop a control system using integrated processing of onboard data. The article discussed the efficiency factors for the introduction of robotic systems and technologies in agricultural enterprises specializing in horticulture within the framework of projects with different budgets. The study sample consisted of 30 experts\u2014enterprises that have implemented robotic platforms and scientists specializing in this field. Based on an expert survey of enterprise specialists, a ranked list of 18 efficiency factors was obtained. To select an evaluation factor that determines the effectiveness of robotization and the developed control system, a method for calculating the concordance coefficient (method of expert analysis) was applied as a measure of the consistency of a group of experts for each group of factors. An analysis of the results of the expert evaluation showed that three factors are the most significant: the degree of autonomy of work; positioning accuracy; and recognition accuracy. The generalized indicator of local autonomy of task performance was estimated based on the analysis of a set of single indicators. A system for controlling the movement of an autonomous robotic wheeled platform based on inertial and satellite navigation and calculation of the path to be overcome was developed. The developed software allows for the design of a route for the robotic platform in apple horticulture to automatically perform various technological operations, such as fertilization, growth and disease control, and fruit harvesting. With the help of the software module, the X, Y coordinates, speed and azimuth of movement were given, and the movement of the platform along the given typical turn trajectories in an intensive horticulture environment was visualized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T06:11:34Z","timestamp":1668751894000},"page":"8901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Robotic Platform for Horticulture: Assessment Methodology and Increasing the Level of Autonomy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7643-775X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey","family":"Kutyrev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cFederal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM\u201d, International Center of Informatics and Computer Science (ICICS), Hong Kong 109428, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7682-280X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolay","family":"Kiktev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Technologies, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine"},{"name":"Department of Automation and Robotic Systems, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5193-4274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Jewiarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-149 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6503-0065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitriy","family":"Khort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cFederal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM\u201d, International Center of Informatics and Computer Science (ICICS), Hong Kong 109428, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9992-1261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Smirnov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cFederal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM\u201d, International Center of Informatics and Computer Science (ICICS), Hong Kong 109428, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6657-1899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Zubina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cFederal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM\u201d, International Center of Informatics and Computer Science (ICICS), Hong Kong 109428, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9086-3672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taras","family":"Hutsol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanics and Agroecosystems Engineering, Polissia National University, 10008 Zhytomyr, Ukraine"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3152-4654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Tomasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Production and Power Engineering, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-149 Krakow, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6842-7746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mykola","family":"Biliuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovative Program of Strategic Development of the University, European Social Fund, University of Agriculture in Krakow, 30-149 Krakow, Poland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1109\/JRA.1987.1087074","article-title":"Robotics and intelligent machines in agriculture","volume":"3","author":"Sistler","year":"1987","journal-title":"IEEE J. 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