{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T05:42:51Z","timestamp":1775626971428,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","award":["PNURSP2022R238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2022R238"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The world population is on the rise, which demands higher food production. The reduction in the amount of land under cultivation due to urbanization makes this more challenging. The solution to this problem lies in the artificial cultivation of crops. IoT and sensors play an important role in optimizing the artificial cultivation of crops. The selection of sensors is important in order to ensure a better quality and yield in an automated artificial environment. There are many challenges involved in selecting sensors due to the highly competitive market. This paper provides a novel approach to sensor selection for saffron cultivation in an IoT-based environment. The crop used in this study is saffron due to the reason that much less research has been conducted on its hydroponic cultivation using sensors and its huge economic impact. A detailed hardware-based framework, the growth cycle of the crop, along with all the sensors, and the block layout used for saffron cultivation in a hydroponic medium are provided. The important parameters for a hydroponic medium, such as the concentration of nutrients and flow rate required, are discussed in detail. This paper is the first of its kind to explain the sensor configurations, performance metrics, and sensor-based saffron cultivation model. The paper discusses different metrics related to the selection, use and role of sensors in different IoT-based saffron cultivation practices. A smart hydroponic setup for saffron cultivation is proposed. The results of the model are evaluated using the AquaCrop simulator. The simulator is used to evaluate the value of performance metrics such as the yield, harvest index, water productivity, and biomass. The values obtained provide better results as compared to natural cultivation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T06:11:34Z","timestamp":1668751894000},"page":"8905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Monitoring Ambient Parameters in the IoT Precision Agriculture Scenario: An Approach to Sensor Selection and Hydroponic Saffron Cultivation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Kanwalpreet","family":"Kour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering & Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3207-5248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepali","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering & Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamali","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chitkara University Institute of Engineering & Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4915-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divya","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India"},{"name":"Higher Polytechnic School, Universidad Europea del Atl\u00e1ntico, C\/Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9533-3179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalia H.","family":"Elkamchouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina Mazas","family":"P\u00e9rez-Oleaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Innovation, Universidad Europea del Atl\u00e1ntico, C\/Isabel Torres 21, 39011 Santander, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Project Management, Universidade Internacional do Cuanza, Estrada Nacional 250, Bairro Kaluapanda, Cuito-Bi\u00e9 P.O. Box 841, Angola"},{"name":"Department of Project Management, Universidad Internacional Iberoamericana, Campeche 24560, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8729-8759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering and Research Center of Advance Technology, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7878-363X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitin","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Central University of Haryana, Mahenderagarh 123031, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129551","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2932609","article-title":"Internet of-Things (IoT) based smart agriculture: Toward making the fields talk","volume":"7","author":"Ayaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6425(00)00011-6","article-title":"The selection of sensors","volume":"46","author":"Shieh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prog. 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