{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T08:15:58Z","timestamp":1776672958478,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service","award":["59-8072-1-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["59-8072-1-002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Demonstration of the Salmonella Typhimurium detection system was shown utilizing a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) biosensor and signal enhancement by gold nanoparticles. In this study, a benchtop system of a QCM biosensor was utilized for the detection of Salmonella Typhimurium. It was designed with a peristaltic pump system to achieve immobilization of antibodies, detection of Salmonella, and the addition of gold nanoparticles to the sensor. As a series of biochemical solutions were introduced to the surface, the proposed system was able to track the changes in the resonant frequency which were proportional to the variations of mass on the sensor. For antibody immobilization, polyclonal antibodies were immobilized via self-assembled monolayers to detect Salmonella O-antigen. Subsequently, Salmonella Typhimurium was detected by antibodies and the average frequency before and after detecting Salmonella was compared. The highest frequency shifts were \u221226.91 Hz for 109\u00a0CFU\/mL while the smallest frequency shift was \u22123.65 Hz corresponding to 103\u00a0CFU\/mL. For the specificity tests, non-Salmonella samples such as E. coli, Listeria, and Staphylococcus resulted in low cross-reactivity. For signal amplification, biotinylated antibodies reacted to Salmonella followed by streptavidin\u2014100 nm AuNPs through biotin-avidin interaction. The frequency shifts of 103\u00a0CFU\/mL showed \u221228.04 Hz, and consequently improved the limit of detection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]],"date-time":"2022-11-18T06:22:28Z","timestamp":1668752548000},"page":"8928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Detection of Salmonella Typhimurium with Gold Nanoparticles Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance Biosensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Hyun Jung","family":"Min","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Optics Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8315-2517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hansel A.","family":"Mina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5074-2788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda J.","family":"Deering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}]},{"given":"J. Paul","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"},{"name":"Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6095-3223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Euiwon","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Optics Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1039\/c2sc20065a","article-title":"Kinetics and mechanism of metal\u2013organic framework thin film growth: Systematic investigation of HKUST-1 deposition on QCM electrodes","volume":"3","author":"Stavila","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem. 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