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We comprehensively compare the imaging performance of twenty-four ghost imaging (GI) methods in the underwater environment. The GI methods are divided into two types according to the illumination patterns, the random and orthogonal patterns. Three-group simulations were designed to show the imaging performance of the twenty-four GI methods. Moreover, an experimental system was built, and three-group experiments were implemented. The numerical and experimental results demonstrate that the orthogonal pattern-based compressed sensing GI methods have strong antinoise capability and can restore clear images for underwater objects with a low measurement number. The investigation results are helpful for the practical applications of the underwater GI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T04:39:59Z","timestamp":1669005599000},"page":"8951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Experimental Study of Ghost Imaging in Underwater Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0832-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heng","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cyber-Physical System, School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"School of Computer, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziyan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cyber-Physical System, School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0826-3596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunhua","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cyber-Physical System, School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"School of Computer, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lianglun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cyber-Physical System, School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"School of Computer, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaojuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1007\/s11554-020-01052-0","article-title":"Real-time underwater image enhancement: A systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Moghimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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