{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T15:53:38Z","timestamp":1781538818975,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]],"date-time":"2022-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brain Pool program of the Ministry of Science and by ICT through the National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["2021H1D3A2A01100014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021H1D3A2A01100014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wearable sweat sensors offer the possibility of continuous real-time health monitoring of an individual at a low cost without invasion. A variety of sweat glucose sensors have been developed thus far to help diabetes patients frequently monitor blood glucose levels through sweat glucose as a surrogate marker. The present study demonstrates the development and characterization of a three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic electrochemical integrated device (3D PMED) for measuring glucose concentration in sweat in real-time via simple, non-invasive, capillary-action-based sample collection. The device was selective for glucose, and it detected glucose accurately in the clinically relevant range (0~2 mM) in an off-body setup. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time NEXAR\u2122 has been used for biosensing applications. Further, the developed glucose sensor has acceptable sensitivity of 16.8 \u00b5A\/mM\/cm2. Importantly, in an on-body setup, the device achieved a significant amperometric response to sweat glucose in a very short amount of time (a few seconds). With detailed investigations, this proof-of-concept study could help further the development of sensitive and selective sweat-based glucose sensing devices for real-time glucose monitoring in diabetes patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T04:39:59Z","timestamp":1669005599000},"page":"8971","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Wearable Healthcare Monitoring Based on a Microfluidic Electrochemical Integrated Device for Sensing Glucose in Natural Sweat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1382-6146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zouaghi","family":"Noura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National School of Applied Sciences, LISA Laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"},{"name":"Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research, Digitalization & Microelectronics Smart Devices Laboratory, Rabat 10100, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1833-4098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering, College of Aeronautical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Risalpur 24090, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1190-6273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahid","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1589-7397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aamouche","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National School of Applied Sciences, LISA Laboratory, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakech 40000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9773-4884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Won","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jeju National University, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lakssir","family":"Brahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research, Digitalization & Microelectronics Smart Devices Laboratory, Rabat 10100, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ressami","family":"ElMostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research, Digitalization & Microelectronics Smart Devices Laboratory, Rabat 10100, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200077","DOI":"10.1002\/VIW.20200077","article-title":"Wearable sweat sensing for prolonged, semicontinuous, and nonobtrusive health monitoring","volume":"1","author":"Moonen","year":"2020","journal-title":"View"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khor, S.M., Choi, J., Won, P., and Ko, S.H. 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