{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T03:36:51Z","timestamp":1777779411179,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]],"date-time":"2022-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Shortage of labor and increased work of young people are causing problems in terms of care and welfare of a growing proportion of elderly people. This is a looming social problem because people of advanced ages are increasing. Necessary in the fields of care and welfare, pneumatic artificial muscles in actuators of robots are being examined. Pneumatic artificial muscles have a high output per unit of weight, and they are soft, similarly to human muscles. However, in previous research of robots using pneumatic artificial muscles, rigid sensors were often installed at joints and other locations due to the robots\u2019 structures. Therefore, we developed a smart actuator that integrates a bending sensor that functions as a human muscle spindle; it can be externally attached to the pneumatic artificial muscle. This paper reports a smart artificial muscle actuator that can sense contraction, which can be applied to developed self-monitoring and robot posture control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22228975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,21]],"date-time":"2022-11-21T04:39:59Z","timestamp":1669005599000},"page":"8975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Smart Pneumatic Artificial Muscle Using a Bend Sensor like a Human Muscle with a Muscle Spindle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2415-7240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norihiko","family":"Saga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuenuegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9174-503X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunio","family":"Shimada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Sciences, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Douhaku","family":"Inamori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Department, Strain Gage Engineering Section, Minebeamitsumi Inc., 1-1-1, Katase, Fujisawa 251-8531, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Mechatronics, Akita Prefectural University, 84-4Aza-Ebinokuchi, Yurihonjo 015-0055, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toshiyuki","family":"Satoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intelligent Mechatronics, Akita Prefectural University, 84-4Aza-Ebinokuchi, Yurihonjo 015-0055, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-ya","family":"Nagase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu 520-2194, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, D., Quek, Z.F., Phan, S., Cutkosky, M., and Khatib, O. 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