{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,21]],"date-time":"2025-12-21T06:24:22Z","timestamp":1766298262971,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]],"date-time":"2022-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Technology Innovation Institute","award":["8434000386-TII-ATM-2035-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8434000386-TII-ATM-2035-2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The evolution of 5G and 6G networks has enhanced the ability of massive IoT devices to provide real-time monitoring and interaction with the surrounding environment. Despite recent advances, the necessary security services, such as immediate and continuous authentication, high scalability, and cybersecurity handling of IoT cannot be achieved in a single broadcast authentication protocol. This paper presents a new hybrid protocol called Hybrid Two-level \u00b5-timed-efficient stream loss-tolerant authentication (Hybrid TLI-\u00b5TESLA) protocol, which maximizes the benefits of the previous TESLA protocol variants, including scalability support and immediate authentication of Multilevel-\u00b5TESLA protocol and continuous authentication with minimal computation overhead of enhanced Inf-TESLA protocol. The inclusion of three different keychains and checking criteria of the packets in the Hybrid TLI-\u00b5TESLA protocol enabled resistance against Masquerading, Modification, Man-in-the-Middle, Brute-force, and DoS attacks. A solution for the authentication problem in the first and last packets of the high-level and low-level keychains of the Multilevel-\u00b5TESLA protocol was also proposed. The simulation analysis was performed using Java, where we compared the Hybrid TLI-\u00b5TESLA protocol with other variants for time complexity and computation overhead at the sender and receiver sides. We also conducted a comparative analysis between two hash functions, SHA-2 and SHA-3, and assessed the feasibility of the proposed protocol in the forthcoming 6G technology. The results demonstrated the superiority of the proposed protocol over other variants in terms of immediate and continuous authentication, scalability, cybersecurity, lifetime, network performance, and compatibility with 5G and 6G IoT generations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T03:48:12Z","timestamp":1669175292000},"page":"9063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Simulation Analysis and Comparison of New Hybrid TLI-\u00b5TESLA and Variant TESLA Protocols Using SHA-2 and SHA-3 Hash Functions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4355-4041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khouloud","family":"Eledlebi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cyber-Physical Systems, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7313-5649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Adel","family":"Alzubaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1398-952X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chan","family":"Yeob Yeun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cyber-Physical Systems, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"Damiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cyber-Physical Systems, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Mateu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 9639, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Cryptography and Graphs Group, Universitat de Lleida, 25001 Lleida, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yousof","family":"Al-Hammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cyber-Physical Systems, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahdi, M.N., Ahmad, A.R., Qassim, Q.S., Natiq, H., Subhi, M.A., and Mahmoud, M. (2021). From 5G to 6G Technology: Meets Energy, Internet-of-Things and Machine Learning: A Survey. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11178117"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salameh, A.I., and El Tarhuni, M. (2022). From 5G to 6G\u2014Challenges, Technologies, and Applications. Futur. 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