{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T12:03:28Z","timestamp":1772712208351,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]],"date-time":"2022-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ECSEL Joint-Undertaking","award":["783190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["783190"]}]},{"name":"ECSEL Joint-Undertaking","award":["875597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["875597"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["783190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["783190"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["875597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["875597"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Shared Control (SC) cooperation scheme, where the driver and automated driving system control the vehicle together, has been gaining attention through the years as a promising option to improve road safety. As a result, advanced interaction methods can be investigated to enhance user experience, acceptance, and trust. Under this perspective, not only the development of algorithms and system applications are needed, but it is also essential to evaluate the system with real drivers, assess its impact on road safety, and understand how drivers accept and are willing to use this technology. In this sense, the contribution of this work is to conduct an experimental study to evaluate if a previously developed shared control system can improve overtaking performance on roads with oncoming traffic. The evaluation is performed in a Driver-in-the-Loop (DiL) simulator with 13 real drivers. The system based on SC is compared against a vehicle with conventional SAE-L2 functionalities. The evaluation includes both objective and subjective assessments. Results show that SC proved to be the best solution for assisting the driver during overtaking in terms of safety and acceptance. The SC\u2019s longer and smoother control transitions provide benefits to cooperative driving. The System Usability Scale (SUS) and the System Acceptance Scale (SAS) questionnaire show that the SC system was perceived as better in terms of usability, usefulness, and satisfaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T03:58:16Z","timestamp":1669262296000},"page":"9093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Can Shared Control Improve Overtaking Performance? Combining Human and Automation Strengths for a Safer Maneuver"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7106-0922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauricio","family":"Marcano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, 48160 Derio, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7283-4571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Tango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Ricerche Fiat, 10043 Orbassano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseba","family":"Sarabia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, 48160 Derio, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU, 48013 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Chiesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RE:Lab, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8328-9978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshu\u00e9","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, 48160 Derio, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2617-2121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio","family":"D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, 48160 Derio, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Center for Statistics and Analysis (2022). 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