{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T15:08:00Z","timestamp":1783350480097,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway BioAlert","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["296599"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["296599"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A porcine model was used to investigate the feasibility of using VIS-NIR spectroscopy to differentiate between degrees of ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury in the small intestine. Ten pigs were used in this study and four segments were created in the small intestine of each pig: (1) control, (2) full arterial and venous mesenteric occlusion for 8 h, (3) arterial and venous mesenteric occlusion for 2 h followed by reperfusion for 6 h, and (4) arterial and venous mesenteric occlusion for 4 h followed by reperfusion for 4 h. Two models were built using partial least square discriminant analysis. The first model was able to differentiate between the control, ischemic, and reperfused intestinal segments with an average accuracy of 99.2% with 10-fold cross-validation, and the second model was able to discriminate between the viable versus non-viable intestinal segments with an average accuracy of 96.0% using 10-fold cross-validation. Moreover, histopathology was used to investigate the borderline between viable and non-viable intestinal segments. The VIS-NIR spectroscopy method together with a PLS-DA model showed promising results and appears to be well-suited as a potentially real-time intraoperative method for assessing intestinal ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury, due to its easy-to-use and non-invasive nature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]],"date-time":"2022-11-24T03:58:16Z","timestamp":1669262296000},"page":"9111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Assessment of Intestinal Ischemia\u2013Reperfusion Injury Using Diffuse Reflectance VIS-NIR Spectroscopy and Histology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5765-1395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Sem S\u00e6lands vei 24, 0371 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siri Sch\u00f8ne","family":"Ness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Ullernchausseen 70, 0379 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6969-857X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Tschudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SINTEF AS, Smart Sensors and Microsystems, Forskningsveien 1, 0373 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"O\u2019Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SINTEF AS, Smart Sensors and Microsystems, Forskningsveien 1, 0373 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rune","family":"Veddegjerde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensocure AS, Langmyra 11, 3185 Skoppum, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d8rjan Gr\u00f8ttem","family":"Martinsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Sem S\u00e6lands vei 24, 0371 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tor Inge","family":"T\u00f8nnessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergencies and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2224-9355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Runar","family":"Strand-Amundsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Biomedical Engineering, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Sensocure AS, Langmyra 11, 3185 Skoppum, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1255\/jnirs.580","article-title":"Detecting Intestinal Ischemia Using near Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"14","author":"Sowa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Near Infrared Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa67b7","article-title":"Ischemic small intestine\u2014in vivoversusex vivobioimpedance measurements","volume":"38","author":"Reims","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07140-4","article-title":"Small intestinal viability assessment using dielectric relaxation spectroscopy and deep learning","volume":"12","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsc.2022.102218","article-title":"Predicting viability of ischemic small bowel using intraoperative indocyanine green fluorescence angiography","volume":"79","author":"Watanabe","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2014.03.052","article-title":"Investigating viability of intestine using spectroscopy: A pilot study","volume":"191","author":"Elpek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-198105000-00014","article-title":"Intraoperative determination of small intestinal viability following ischemic injury: A prospective, controlled trial of two adjuvant methods (Doppler and fluorescein) compared with standard clinical judgment","volume":"193","author":"Bulkley","year":"1981","journal-title":"Ann. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2020.01.042","article-title":"Techniques for intraoperative evaluation of bowel viability in mesenteric ischemia: A review","volume":"220","author":"Bryski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-006-0221-7","article-title":"Laser Doppler assessment of the influence of division at the root of the inferior mesenteric artery on anastomotic blood flow in rectosigmoid cancer surgery","volume":"22","author":"Seike","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Color. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-74911-2_26","article-title":"Assessment of oxygenation and perfusion in the tongue and oral mucosa by visible spectrophotometry and laser Doppler flowmetry in healthy subjects","volume":"614","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-85998-9_39","article-title":"Intraoperative measurement of colonic oxygenation during bowel resection","volume":"645","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.4240\/wjgs.v3.i5.59","article-title":"How to assess intestinal viability during surgery: A review of techniques","volume":"3","author":"Pattyn","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199108000-00008","article-title":"Intraoperative evaluation of intestinal ischemia: A comparison of methods","volume":"84","author":"Dyess","year":"1991","journal-title":"South. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-008-9375-4","article-title":"Use of rapid sampling microdialysis for intraoperative monitoring of bowel ischemia","volume":"51","author":"Deeba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i18.2009","article-title":"Ischemia\/reperfusion injury in porcine intestine\u2014Viability assessment","volume":"24","author":"Reims","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105011","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aae0ea","article-title":"Machine learning for intraoperative prediction of viability in ischemic small intestine","volume":"39","author":"Tronstad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2478\/joeb-2021-0011","article-title":"Assessing ischemic injury in human intestine ex vivo with electrical impedance spectroscopy","volume":"12","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Electr. Bioimpedance"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vibspec.2005.02.022","article-title":"Determining intestinal viability by near infrared spectroscopy: A veterinary application","volume":"38","author":"Kohlenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vib. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2011.03.025","article-title":"Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Measurement of Abdominal Tissue Oxygenation is a Useful Indicator of Intestinal Blood Flow and Necrotizing Enterocolitis in Premature Piglets","volume":"46","author":"Gay","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/37\/2\/257","article-title":"In vivocharacterization of ischemic small intestine using bioimpedance measurements","volume":"37","author":"Tronstad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2008.00364.x","article-title":"Correlation of near infrared absorption and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy scattering with tissue neovascularization and collagen concentration in a diabetic rat wound healing model","volume":"16","author":"Weingarten","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2009.07.007","article-title":"Review of the most common pre-processing techniques for near-infrared spectra","volume":"28","author":"Rinnan","year":"2009","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"218","article-title":"Intestinal infarction: A new classification","volume":"105","author":"Swerdlow","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17464","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.017464","article-title":"Non-contact detection of oxygen saturation based on visible light imaging device using ambient light","volume":"21","author":"Lingqin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2010.222","article-title":"Spectral imaging of the retina","volume":"25","author":"Mordant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0260-8774(99)00151-X","article-title":"Non-invasive measurements of post-mortem changes in dielectric properties of haddock muscle\u2014A pilot study","volume":"43","author":"Martinsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11183","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-14817-3","article-title":"Utilization of dielectric properties for assessment of liver ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury in vivo and during machine perfusion","volume":"12","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Farrell, M., Tschudi, J., Schulerud, H., Wold, J.P., Ottestad, S., and H\u00f8y, M. (2010, January 7\u20138). Online NIR Multispectral Imaging using Non-Contact Interactance for Fish and Meat Quality Measurements. Proceedings of the Imaging and Applied Optics Congress (2010), Tucson, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1364\/AIO.2010.ATuA3"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.5617\/jeb.136","article-title":"Magnetic induction pneumography: A planar coil system for continuous monitoring of lung function via contactless measurements","volume":"1","author":"Scharfetter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Electr. Bioimpedance"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/40\/1\/S02","article-title":"Sources of error in tetrapolar impedance measurements on biomaterials and other ionic conductors","volume":"40","author":"Grimnes","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Phys. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-394309-5.00006-7","article-title":"Cell Biology of Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury","volume":"298","author":"Kalogeris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(200002)190:3<255::AID-PATH526>3.0.CO;2-6","article-title":"Pathophysiology of ischaemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"190","author":"Carden","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitridge, R., and Thompson, M. (2011). Pathophysiology of Reperfusion Injury. Mechanisms of Vascular Disease: A Reference Book for Vascular Specialists, University of Adelaide Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/UPO9781922064004"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1159\/000018587","article-title":"Intraoperative Laser Doppler Flowmetry: A Predictor of Ischemic Injury in Acute Mesenteric Infarction","volume":"15","author":"Redaelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dig. Surg."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"226","article-title":"Of pigs and men and research","volume":"3","author":"Douglas","year":"1972","journal-title":"Space Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.07.025","article-title":"The pig as a preclinical model for intestinal ischemia\u2013reperfusion and transplantation studies","volume":"178","author":"Yandza","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1054\/mehy.1999.0894","article-title":"Limitations of clinical and biological histology","volume":"54","author":"Hillman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2001.21393","article-title":"Serosal injury in the equine jejunum and ascending colon after ischemia\u2013reperfusion or intraluminal distention and decompression","volume":"30","author":"Dabareiner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Surg. VS"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)45632-X","article-title":"Operative Assessment of Intestinal Viability","volume":"72","author":"Horgan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. N. Am."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/23\/9111\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:25:41Z","timestamp":1760145941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/23\/9111"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s22239111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22239111","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,24]]}}}