{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:05:35Z","timestamp":1783037135728,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]],"date-time":"2022-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The capability of \u2018demand-responsive transport\u2019, particularly in autonomous shared form, to better facilitate road-based mobility is considered a significant advantage because improved mobility leads to enhanced quality of life and wellbeing. A central point in implementing a demand-responsive transit system in a new area is adapting the operational concept to the respective structural and socioeconomic conditions. This requires an extensive analysis of the users\u2019 needs. There is presently limited understanding of public perceptions and attitudes toward the adoption of autonomous demand-responsive transport. To address this gap, a theory-based conceptual framework is proposed to provide detailed empirical insights into the public\u2019s adoption intention of \u2018autonomous shuttle buses\u2019 as a form of autonomous demand-responsive transport. South East Queensland, Australia, was selected as the testbed. In this case study, relationships between perceptions, attitudes, and usage intention were examined by employing a partial least squares structural equation modeling method. The results support the basic technology acceptance model casual relationships that correspond with previous studies. Although the direct effects of perceived relative advantages and perceived service quality on usage intention are not significant, they could still affect usage intention indirectly through the attitude factor. Conversely, perceived risks are shown to have no association with perceived usefulness but can negatively impact travelers\u2019 attitudes and usage intention toward autonomous shuttle buses. The research findings provide implications to assist policymakers, transport planners, and engineers in their policy decisions and system plans as well as achieving higher public acknowledgment and wider uptake of autonomous demand-responsive transport technology solutions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T08:13:09Z","timestamp":1669623189000},"page":"9193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Understanding Autonomous Shuttle Adoption Intention: Predictive Power of Pre-Trial Perceptions and Attitudes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6712-699X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fahimeh","family":"Golbabaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7262-7118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tan","family":"Yigitcanlar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City 4.0 Lab, School of Architecture and Built Environment, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1217-9808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4120-235X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Bunker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yigitcanlar, T., Corchado, J.M., Mehmood, R., Li, R.Y.M., Mossberger, K., and Desouza, K. (2021). Responsible Urban Innovation with Local Government Artificial Intelligence (AI): A Conceptual Framework and Research Agenda. J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/joitmc7010071"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yigitcanlar, T., Wilson, M., and Kamruzzaman, M. (2019). Disruptive impacts of automated driving systems on the built environment and land use: An urban planner\u2019s perspective. J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/joitmc5020024"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2020.1798571","article-title":"The role of shared autonomous vehicle systems in delivering smart urban mobility: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"15","author":"Golbabaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transp."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.retrec.2020.100866","article-title":"Developing a methodology to predict the adoption rate of Connected Autonomous Trucks in transportation organizations using peer effects","volume":"90","author":"Simpson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Transp. Econ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tre.2022.102616","article-title":"Unfolding the state of the adoption of connected autonomous trucks by the commercial fleet owner industry","volume":"158","author":"Talebian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part E: Logist. Transp. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakhekar, G.V., and Waghmare, L.M. (2022). Robust self-organising fuzzy sliding mode-based path-following control for autonomous underwater vehicles. J. Mar. Eng. Technol.","DOI":"10.1080\/20464177.2022.2120448"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"629","article-title":"Stated preference analysis of a new microjet on-demand air service","volume":"42","author":"Peeta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2020.1780868","article-title":"Mapping Two Decades of Autonomous Vehicle Research: A Systematic Scientometric Analysis","volume":"28","author":"Faisal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Urban Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2018.1476794","article-title":"Smart cities and mobility: Does the smartness of Australian cities lead to sustainable commuting patterns?","volume":"26","author":"Yigitcanlar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Urban Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yigitcanlar, T., Kankanamge, N., Regona, M., Ruiz Maldonado, A., Rowan, B., Ryu, A., and Li, R. (2020). Artificial intelligence technologies and related urban planning and development concepts: How are they perceived and utilized in Australia?. J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/joitmc6040187"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3141\/2565-07","article-title":"Self-Driving Vehicles: Determinants of Adoption and Conditions of Usage","volume":"2565","author":"Zmud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golbabaei, F., Yigitcanlar, T., Paz, A., and Bunker, J. (2020). Individual Predictors of Autonomous Vehicle Public Acceptance and Intention to Use: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J. Open Innov., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/joitmc6040106"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-019-10035-5","article-title":"No longer in the driver\u2019s seat: How do affective motivations impact consumer interest in automated vehicles?","volume":"47","author":"Sweet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/10630732.2021.1879606","article-title":"Perceptions and attitudes towards the deployment of autonomous and connected vehicles: Insights from Las Vegas, Nevada","volume":"28","author":"Dennis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Urban Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102638","article-title":"Mobility-on-demand: An empirical study of internet-based ride-hailing adoption factors, travel characteristics and mode substitution effects","volume":"115","author":"Acheampong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Research. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"72212","article-title":"Autonomous or \u2018driverless\u2019 cars and disability: A legal and ethical analysis","volume":"20","author":"Easton","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Curr. Leg. Issues"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jth.2015.02.001","article-title":"The role of transport and mobility in the health of older people","volume":"2","author":"Musselwhite","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transp. Health"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Abraham, H., Lee, C., Brady, S., Fitzgerald, C., Mehler, B., Reimer, B., and Coughlin, J.F. (2017, January 8\u201312). Autonomous vehicles and alternatives to driving: Trust, preferences, and effects of age. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 96th Annual Meeting (TRB\u201917), Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2021.02.010","article-title":"Key factors associated with Australian parents\u2019 willingness to use an automated vehicle to transport their unaccompanied children","volume":"78","author":"Koppel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2021.08.016","article-title":"Factors influencing public awareness of autonomous vehicles: Empirical evidence from Brisbane","volume":"82","author":"Butler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Dowler, E., Green, J., Bauer, M., and Gasperoni, G. (2006). Assessing public perception: Issues and methods, Health Hazard and Public Debate: Lessons for Risk Communication from BSE\/CJD Saga."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"12","article-title":"Public Perception towards Public Service Quality. In: International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE)","volume":"3","author":"Insani","year":"2013","journal-title":"E-Journals"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2016.01.019","article-title":"Assessing public opinions of and interest in new vehicle technologies: An Austin perspective","volume":"67","author":"Bansal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transp. Research. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.07.024","article-title":"What drives people to accept automated vehicles? Findings from a field experiment","volume":"95","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.01.027","article-title":"Automated vehicle acceptance in China: Social influence and initial trust are key determinants","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2020.103036","article-title":"Barriers and risks of Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) adoption in cities: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"109","author":"Butler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2017.07.007","article-title":"What influences the decision to use automated public transport? Using UTAUT to understand public acceptance of automated road transport systems","volume":"50","author":"Madigan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2018.1488021","article-title":"Interrelationships between influential factors and behavioral intention with regard to autonomous vehicles","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Transp."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2019.08.003","article-title":"Investigating end-user acceptance of autonomous electric buses to accelerate diffusion","volume":"74","author":"Herrenkind","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2019.07.023","article-title":"Young people\u2019s travel behavior\u2013Using the life-oriented approach to understand the acceptance of autonomous driving","volume":"74","author":"Herrenkind","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.09.002","article-title":"Public acceptance of driverless shuttles in Norway","volume":"66","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2020.02.008","article-title":"User acceptance of automated public transport: Valence of an autonomous minibus experience","volume":"70","author":"Bernhard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Research. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.06.024","article-title":"User acceptance of automated shuttles in Berlin-Sch\u00f6neberg: A questionnaire study","volume":"58","author":"Nordhoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1080\/1463922X.2020.1814446","article-title":"Interrelationships among predictors of automated vehicle acceptance: A structural equation modelling approach","volume":"22","author":"Nordhoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theor. Issues Ergon. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2021.01.001","article-title":"A structural equation modeling approach for the acceptance of driverless automated shuttles based on constructs from the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology and the Diffusion of Innovation Theory","volume":"78","author":"Nordhoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2020.05.009","article-title":"Passenger opinions of the perceived safety and interaction with automated shuttles: A test ride study with \u2018hidden\u2019 safety steward","volume":"138","author":"Nordhoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jup.2019.100994","article-title":"Investigation of acceptance of driverless buses in the city of Trikala and optimization of the service using Conjoint Analysis","volume":"62","author":"Papadima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Util. Policy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jing, P., Xu, G., Chen, Y., Shi, Y., and Zhan, F. (2020). The Determinants behind the Acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles: A Systematic Review. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12051719"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.35.8.982","article-title":"User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models","volume":"35","author":"Davis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2020.120319","article-title":"What drives the acceptance of autonomous driving? An investigation of acceptance factors from an end-user\u2019s perspective","volume":"161","author":"Nastjuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819870658","article-title":"Acceptance of Full Driving Automation: Personally Owned and Shared-Use Concepts","volume":"62","author":"Motamedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Factors J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2020.101361","article-title":"Examination of trust and sustainability concerns in autonomous vehicle adoption","volume":"63","author":"Dirsehan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davis, J.A., and Weber, R.P. (1985). The Logic of Causal Order, Sage.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412986212"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Ajzen, I., and Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior, Prentice Hall Inc."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"H\u00f6gg, R., Schmid, H.P.D.B., and Stanoevska-Slabeva, F.P.D.K. (2010). Erweiterung und Evaluation des Technologieakzeptanzmodells zur Anwendung bei mobilen Datendiensten, Universit\u00e4t St. Gallen."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2010.11.007","article-title":"Applying the Technology Acceptance Model to the introduction of healthcare information systems","volume":"78","author":"Pai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2021.07.006","article-title":"On the way to autonomous driving: How age influences the acceptance of driver assistance systems","volume":"81","author":"Proff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1109\/TEM.2003.822468","article-title":"Toward preprototype user acceptance testing of new information systems: Implications for software project management","volume":"51","author":"Davis","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"50","article-title":"The Technology Acceptance Model: Past, Present, and Future","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2006.05.003","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the technology acceptance model","volume":"43","author":"King","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2017.09.011","article-title":"Assessing the utility of TAM, TPB, and UTAUT for advanced driver assistance systems","volume":"108","author":"Rahman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"244","article-title":"Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research","volume":"6","author":"Fishbein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Philos. Rhetor."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"87","article-title":"Technology acceptance modeling based on user experience for autonomous vehicles","volume":"36","author":"Cho","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ergon. Soc. Korea"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2018.03.021","article-title":"Psychosocial factors associated with intended use of automated vehicles: A simulated driving study","volume":"115","author":"Buckley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Accid. Anal. Prev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.08.013","article-title":"An empirical investigation on consumers\u2019 intentions towards autonomous driving","volume":"95","author":"Panagiotopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.11.018","article-title":"The roles of initial trust and perceived risk in public\u2019s acceptance of automated vehicles","volume":"98","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C., Ward, C., Raue, M., D\u2019Ambrosio, L., and Coughlin, J.F. (2017, January 9\u201314). Age differences in acceptance of self-driving cars: A survey of perceptions and attitudes. Proceedings of the International Conference on Human Aspects of IT for the Aged Population, Vancouver, BC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-58530-7_1"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2018.09.029","article-title":"The role of environmental concern in the public acceptance of autonomous electric vehicles: A survey from China","volume":"60","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1002\/mar.20196","article-title":"Toward a unified theory of consumer acceptance technology","volume":"24","author":"Kulviwat","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychol. Mark."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Enoch, M., Ison, S., Laws, R., and Zhang, L. (2006). Evaluation Study of Demand Responsive Transport Services in Wiltshire, Loughborough University. Final Report."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2020.11.006","article-title":"The role of involvement with public transport in the relationship between service quality, satisfaction and behavioral intentions","volume":"142","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tranpol.2019.06.004","article-title":"Stakeholder views on the social issues relating to the introduction of autonomous vehicles","volume":"81","author":"Pettigrew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Policy"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.2307\/30036540","article-title":"User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View","volume":"27","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2003","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2004.07.001","article-title":"What drives mobile commerce? An empirical evaluation of the revised technology acceptance model","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.46.2.186.11926","article-title":"A Theoretical Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model: Four Longitudinal Field Studies","volume":"46","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garidis, K., Ulbricht, L., Rossmann, A., and Schm\u00e4h, M. (2020, January 7\u201310). Toward a user acceptance model of autonomous driving. Proceedings of the 53rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Wailea-Makena, HI, USA.","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2020.170"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.04.009","article-title":"What impressions do users have after a ride in an automated shuttle? An interview study","volume":"63","author":"Nordhoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhm.2017.03.006","article-title":"Impact of hotel-restaurant image and quality of physical-environment, service, and food on satisfaction and intention","volume":"63","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Hosp. Manag."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1177\/002224298805200302","article-title":"Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality, and Value: A Means-End Model and Synthesis of Evidence","volume":"52","author":"Zeithaml","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Mark."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-019-10058-y","article-title":"Effects of perceived safety, involvement and perceived service quality on loyalty intention among ride-sourcing passengers","volume":"48","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1108\/08876049610148602","article-title":"SERVQUAL revisited: A critical review of service quality","volume":"10","author":"Asubonteng","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Serv. Mark."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"12","article-title":"SERVQUAL: A multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality","volume":"64","author":"Parasuraman","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Retail."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1108\/EUM0000000004784","article-title":"A Service Quality Model and its Marketing Implications","volume":"18","year":"1984","journal-title":"Eur. J. Mark."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"65","article-title":"Quality on the line","volume":"9","author":"Garvin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Harv. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378001700405","article-title":"A Cognitive Model of the Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction Decisions","volume":"17","author":"Oliver","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2021.10.007","article-title":"Approximate multi-objective optimisation for integrated bus route design and service frequency setting","volume":"155","author":"Ahern","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1108\/TR-06-2017-0103","article-title":"Destination perceived quality, tourist satisfaction and word-of-mouth","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tour. Rev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyrinopoulos, Y., and Antoniou, C. (2019). Review of factors affecting transportation systems adoption and satisfaction. Demand for Emerging Transportation Systems, Elviser.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815018-4.00002-4"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2018.12.003","article-title":"What have we learned? A review of stated preference and choice studies on autonomous vehicles","volume":"98","author":"Gkartzonikas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Research. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2017.01.010","article-title":"User preferences regarding autonomous vehicles","volume":"78","author":"Haboucha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoettle, B., and Sivak, M. (2014, January 3\u20137). A survey of public opinion about connected vehicles in the U.S., the U.K., and Australia. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE), Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVE.2014.7297637"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/1096348011425494","article-title":"Tourists\u2019 Perceived Risks Toward Overt Safety Measures","volume":"37","author":"Rittichainuwat","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Tour. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2018.1561791","article-title":"Evaluating Initial Public Acceptance of Highly and Fully Autonomous Vehicles","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Human Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.13143","article-title":"Public Acceptance of Fully Automated Driving: Effects of Social Trust and Risk\/Benefit Perceptions: Public Acceptance of Fully Automated Driving","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Risk Anal."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trf.2019.01.009","article-title":"Capturing the behavioural determinants behind the adoption of autonomous vehicles: Conceptual frameworks and measurement models to predict public transport, sharing and ownership trends of self-driving cars","volume":"62","author":"Acheampong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part F Psychol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"DeVellis, R. (2003). Scale Development: Theory and Applications, Thousand Okas."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tourman.2012.01.015","article-title":"Construction and validation of a scale to measure tourist motivation to consume local food","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/s11116-014-9517-6","article-title":"A long panel survey to elicit variation in preferences and attitudes in the choice of electric vehicles","volume":"41","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transportation"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jing, P., Huang, H., Ran, B., Zhan, F., and Shi, Y. (2019). Exploring the Factors Affecting Mode Choice Intention of Autonomous Vehicle Based on an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior\u2014A Case Study in China. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11041155"},{"key":"ref_90","unstructured":"Cooper, C., and Schindler, P. (2008). Business Research Methods, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1504\/WRITR.2015.069223","article-title":"A methodological exploration to determine transportation disadvantage variables: The partial least square approach","volume":"5","author":"Rashid","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Rev. Intermodal Transp. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1177\/001316447003000308","article-title":"Determining sample size for research activities","volume":"30","author":"Krejcie","year":"1970","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B.G., and Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using Multivariate Statistics, HarperCollins. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"Stevens, J. (1996). Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences, Lawrence Erlbaum. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012009","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/949\/1\/012009","article-title":"Multicollinearity and Regression Analysis","volume":"949","author":"Daoud","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., and Anderson, R.E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: A Global Perspective, Pearson Education. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"5","article-title":"A Practical Guide to Factorial Validity Using PLS-Graph: Tutorial and Annotated Example","volume":"16","author":"Gefen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2753\/MTP1069-6679190202","article-title":"PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet","volume":"19","author":"Hair","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mark. Theory Pract."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, J.M. (2019). Comparing Technology Acceptance for Autonomous Vehicles, Battery Electric Vehicles, and Car Sharing\u2014A Study across Europe, China, and North America. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11164333"},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"123","article-title":"Partial Least Squares (PLS) Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) for Building and Testing Behavioral Causal Theory: When to Choose It and How to Use It","volume":"57","author":"Lowry","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dependable Secur. Comput."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1108\/QAE-12-2020-0148","article-title":"Student satisfaction on the implementation of the online undergraduate thesis examination: A PLS-SEM analysis","volume":"29","author":"Astuti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qual. Assur. Educ."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M., and Sarstedt, M. (2021). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), Sage Publications.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-80519-7"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinkovics, R.R., and Ghauri, P.N. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. New Challenges to International Marketing, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.","DOI":"10.1108\/S1474-7979(2009)20"},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Ringle, C.M., Wende, S., and Becker, J.-M. (2015). SmartPLS 3. Boenningstedt, SmartPLS GmbH."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1207\/s15328031us0304_4","article-title":"A beginner\u2019s guide to partial least squares analysis","volume":"3","author":"Haenlein","year":"2004","journal-title":"Underst. Stat."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.2307\/25148814","article-title":"Specifying Formative Constructs in Information Systems Research","volume":"31","author":"Petter","year":"2007","journal-title":"MIS Q."},{"key":"ref_107","unstructured":"Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Black, B., Babin, B.J., and Black, W.C. (2013). Multivariate Data Analysis, Pearson Education, Limited."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"7","article-title":"Structural Equation Modeling and Regression: Guidelines for Research Practice","volume":"4","author":"Gefen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","article-title":"Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error","volume":"18","author":"Fornell","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Mark. Res."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"24","article-title":"Validation guidelines for IS positivist research","volume":"13","author":"Straub","year":"2004","journal-title":"Commun. Assoc. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1108\/EBR-10-2013-0128","article-title":"Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): An emerging tool in business research","volume":"26","author":"Hair","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Bus. Rev."},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Nunnally, J.C. (1994). Psychometric Theory 3E, Tata McGraw-Hill Education."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555","article-title":"Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests","volume":"16","author":"Cronbach","year":"1951","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02723327","article-title":"On the evaluation of structural equation models","volume":"16","author":"Bagozzi","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Acad. Mark. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1108\/IMR-09-2014-0304","article-title":"Testing measurement invariance of composites using partial least squares","volume":"33","author":"Henseler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Mark. Rev."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"295","article-title":"The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling","volume":"295","author":"Chin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mod. Methods Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1080\/03637750903310360","article-title":"Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical Mediation Analysis in the New Millennium","volume":"76","author":"Hayes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Commun. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1974.tb00994.x","article-title":"Cross-Validatory Choice and Assessment of Statistical Predictions","volume":"36","author":"Stone","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B Methodol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/61.1.101","article-title":"A predictive approach to the random effect model","volume":"61","author":"Geisser","year":"1974","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"Harlow, L.L. (2014). The Essence of Multivariate Thinking: Basic Themes and Methods, Routledge. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2020.102732","article-title":"Behavioural intention to use autonomous vehicles: Systematic review and empirical extension","volume":"119","author":"Keszey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Part C Emerg. Technol."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"761","article-title":"Finding service quality improvement opportunities across different typologies of public transit customers","volume":"14","author":"Machado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transp. A Transp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1002\/atr.179","article-title":"Relationships among service quality, corporate image, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intention for the elderly in high speed rail services","volume":"47","author":"Kuo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Adv. Transp."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2017.05.015","article-title":"An investigation of customer satisfaction with low-cost and full-service airline companies","volume":"80","author":"Koklic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1057\/s41271-016-0060-x","article-title":"Public health, autonomous automobiles, and the rush to market","volume":"38","author":"Kelley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Public Health Policy"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1080\/20450249.2017.1337849","article-title":"Robocar versus the Pod: A commentary on the state of play in the race for autonomous vehicle commercialisation","volume":"8","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Constr. Res. Innov."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2021.1886485","article-title":"Barriers to AV Bus Acceptance: A National Survey and Research Agenda","volume":"37","author":"Esterwood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2017.05.039","article-title":"Stimulating technological innovation through incentives: Perceptions of Australian and Brazilian firms","volume":"146","author":"Yigitcanlar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tech. Forec. Soc. Chan."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3463","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-015-0771-8","article-title":"Investigating the link between carbon dioxide emissions and transport-related social exclusion in rural Northern Ireland","volume":"12","author":"Kamruzzaman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/23\/9193\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:27:16Z","timestamp":1760146036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/23\/9193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s22239193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22239193","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]}}}