{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T02:01:44Z","timestamp":1776218504283,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]],"date-time":"2022-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62272241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18H03235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H03235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NY221122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NY221122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62272241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18H03235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H03235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NY221122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NY221122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Scientific Research Foundation","award":["62272241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62272241"]}]},{"name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Scientific Research Foundation","award":["18H03235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H03235"]}]},{"name":"Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications Scientific Research Foundation","award":["NY221122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NY221122"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we address the problem of authenticating transmitters in millimeter-wave (mmWave) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems, and propose a location verification scheme based on multi-dimensional mmWave MIMO channel features. In particular, we first examine the mmWave MIMO channel features in terms of azimuth angle of arrival (AAoA), elevation angle of arrival (EAoA), and path gain, and then extract these fine-grained channel features through the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation method. Based on the extracted feature parameters, authentication validation is cast in the framework of hypothesis testing theory. We also derive the analytical expressions for the typical false alarm and detection rates by using the likelihood ratio test and thus the statistical performance is analytically established. Finally, extensive numerical results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed authentication scheme.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T08:13:09Z","timestamp":1669623189000},"page":"9202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Utilizing Multi-Dimensional MmWave MIMO Channel Features for Location Verification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8310-7238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pinchang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yangyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3640-3488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2016.12.008","article-title":"An efficient authentication and key agreement scheme for multi-gateway wireless sensor networks in IoT deployment","volume":"89","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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