{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T16:42:50Z","timestamp":1774456970230,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]],"date-time":"2022-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For the monitoring and processing of network data, wireless systems are widely used in many industrial applications. With the assistance of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and the Internet of Things (IoT), smart grids are being explored in many distributed communication systems. They collect data from the surrounding environment and transmit it with the support of a multi-hop system. However, there is still a significant research gap in energy management for IoT devices and smart sensors. Many solutions have been proposed by researchers to cope with efficient routing schemes in smart grid applications. But, reducing energy holes and offering intelligent decisions for forwarding data are remain major problems. Moreover, the management of network traffic on grid nodes while balancing the communication overhead on the routing paths is an also demanding challenge. In this research work, we propose a secure edge-based energy management protocol for a smart grid environment with the support of multi-route management. It strengthens the ability to predict the data forwarding process and improves the management of IoT devices by utilizing a technique of correlation analysis. Moreover, the proposed protocol increases the system\u2019s reliability and achieves security goals by employing lightweight authentication with sink coordination. To demonstrate the superiority of our proposed protocol over the chosen existing work, extensive experiments were performed on various network parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T08:13:09Z","timestamp":1669623189000},"page":"9236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Secure Edge-Based Energy Management Protocol in Smart Grid Environments with Correlation Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0101-0329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amjad","family":"Rehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics (AIDA) Lab, CCIS Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6657-9308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid","family":"Haseeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics (AIDA) Lab, CCIS Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Islamia College Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0651-4278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gwanggil","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics (AIDA) Lab, CCIS Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Embedded Systems Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saeed Ali","family":"Bahaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MIS Department, College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4515","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.4515","article-title":"Internet of things in smart education environment: Supportive framework in the decision-making process","volume":"31","author":"Manogaran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.adcom.2019.10.010","article-title":"Industry 4.0: Industrial internet of things (IIOT)","volume":"117","author":"Munirathinam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Comput."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, N., Haseeb, K., Rehman, A., Alam, T., and Jeon, G. (2022). An adaptive and secure routes migration model for the sustainable cloud of things. Clust. Comput., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10586-022-03677-1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2019.02.012","article-title":"IoT-enabled smart grid via SM: An overview","volume":"96","author":"Abujubbeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-020-07649-9","article-title":"Security and privacy in IOT: A survey","volume":"115","author":"Chanal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3529","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-021-09099-3","article-title":"Network Architecture and Wireless Ad Hoc Routing for Airborne Internet Services","volume":"122","author":"Numani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tightiz, L., and Yang, H. (2020). A comprehensive review on IoT protocols\u2019 features in smart grid communication. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13112762"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2020.100341","article-title":"Machine learning and deep learning in smart manufacturing: The smart grid paradigm","volume":"40","author":"Kotsiopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, N.M., Chand, A.A., Malvoni, M., Prasad, K.A., Mamun, K.A., Islam, F.R., and Chopra, S.S. (2020). Distributed energy resources and the application of AI, IoT, and blockchain in smart grids. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13215739"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2019.1800356","article-title":"Fog computing for smart grid systems in the 5G environment: Challenges and solutions","volume":"26","author":"Kumari","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2018.05.021","article-title":"Emerging Trends, Issues and Challenges in Internet of Things, Big Data and Cloud Computing","volume":"87","author":"Leung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Gener. Comput. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2021.11.010","article-title":"Deep reinforcement learning based transmission policy enforcement and multi-hop routing in QoS aware LoRa IoT networks","volume":"183","author":"Muthanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csi.2019.03.009","article-title":"Energy efficient and reliable data gathering using internet of software-defined mobile sinks for WSNs-based smart grid applications","volume":"66","author":"Faheem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Stand. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7280","DOI":"10.1002\/cpe.7280","article-title":"Comprehensive survey on data dissemination protocols for efficient reprogramming in Internet of Things","volume":"34","author":"Shanmugapriya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdella, J., and Shuaib, K. (2018). Peer to peer distributed energy trading in smart grids: A survey. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11061560"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13960","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2894819","article-title":"Application of big data and machine learning in smart grid, and associated security concerns: A review","volume":"7","author":"Hossain","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-stg.2018.0261","article-title":"Big data analytics in smart grids: State-of-the-art, challenges, opportunities, and future directions","volume":"2","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2019","journal-title":"IET Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rani, S., Koundal, D., Ijaz, M.F., Elhoseny, M., and Alghamdi, M.I. (2021). An optimized framework for WSN routing in the context of industry 4.0. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196474"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2021.3073009","article-title":"Survey on machine learning for intelligent end-to-end communication toward 6G: From network access, routing to traffic control and streaming adaption","volume":"23","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saba, T., Rehman, A., Haseeb, K., Bahaj, S.A., and Jeon, G. (2022). Energy-Efficient Edge Optimization Embedded System Using Graph Theory with 2-Tiered Security. Electronics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11182942"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banafaa, M., Shayea, I., Din, J., Azmi, M.H., Alashbi, A., Daradkeh, Y.I., and Alhammadi, A. 6G Mobile Communication Technology: Requirements, Targets, Applications, Challenges, Advantages, and Opportunities. Alex. Eng. J., 2022. in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aej.2022.08.017"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asej.2020.05.004","article-title":"Recent advancement in smart grid technology: Future prospects in the electrical power network","volume":"12","author":"Butt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ain Shams Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2828120","article-title":"A survey of device-to-device communications: Research issues and challenges","volume":"20","author":"Jameel","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.02.022","article-title":"Implementation of deep packet inspection in smart grids and industrial Internet of Things: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"135","author":"Parra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Netw. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcip.2019.01.001","article-title":"Cyber security challenges for IoT-based smart grid networks","volume":"25","author":"Kimani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Crit. Infrastruct. Prot."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosrev.2018.08.001","article-title":"Smart grid communication and information technologies in the perspective of Industry 4.0: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"30","author":"Faheem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Obaidi, K.M., Hossain, M., Alduais, N.A., Al-Duais, H.S., Omrany, H., and Ghaffarianhoseini, A. (2022). A review of using IoT for energy efficient buildings and cities: A built environment perspective. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15165991"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2019.08.092","article-title":"A survey on smart grid technologies and applications","volume":"146","author":"Dileep","year":"2020","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2021.11.019","article-title":"Smart grids and smart technologies in relation to photovoltaics, storage systems, buildings and the environment","volume":"185","author":"Lamnatou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"MDRP: An Energy-Efficient Multi-Disjoint Routing protocol in WSNs for Smart Grids","volume":"13","author":"Deepa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Smart Sens. Intell. Syst."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2017.07.045","article-title":"Energy efficient and QoS-aware routing protocol for wireless sensor network-based smart grid applications in the context of industry 4.0","volume":"68","author":"Faheem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2018.03.036","article-title":"Energy\u2013efficient grid\u2013based routing algorithm using intelligent fuzzy rules for wireless sensor networks","volume":"68","author":"Logambigai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Lu, Y., Wang, F., Fan, X., Liu, J., and Leung, V.C. (2018, January 21\u201323). An edge computing framework for real-time monitoring in smart grid. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Internet (ICII), Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICII.2018.00019"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156297","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3129053","article-title":"An Enriched RPCO-BCNN Mechanisms for Attack Detection and Classification in SCADA Systems","volume":"9","author":"Shitharth","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"100377","article-title":"EGRPM: Energy efficient geographic routing protocol based on mobile sink in wireless sensor networks","volume":"25","author":"Naghibi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Comput. Inform. Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2018.07.020","article-title":"Energy aware cluster based routing protocol over distributed cognitive radio sensor network","volume":"129","author":"Yadav","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Learning k for knn classification","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmad, R., Wazirali, R., and Abu-Ain, T. (2022). Machine learning for wireless sensor networks security: An overview of challenges and issues. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22134730"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/23\/9236\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:27:59Z","timestamp":1760146079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/23\/9236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s22239236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22239236","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,27]]}}}