{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T16:38:43Z","timestamp":1783183123360,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kavli Foundation","award":["R25MH081482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25MH081482"]}]},{"name":"University of California San Diego (UCSD)","award":["R25MH081482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25MH081482"]}]},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Research Fellowship in NeuroAIDS","award":["R25MH081482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25MH081482"]}]},{"name":"Brain &amp; Behavior Research Fund","award":["R25MH081482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25MH081482"]}]},{"name":"Sanford Institute for Empathy and Compassion","award":["R25MH081482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25MH081482"]}]},{"name":"Burroughs Wellcome Fund Career Award for Medical Scientists","award":["R25MH081482"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R25MH081482"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies, using high resolution magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electrogastrography (EGG), have shown that during resting state, rhythmic gastric physiological signals are linked with cortical brain oscillations. Yet, gut-brain coupling has not been investigated with electroencephalography (EEG) during cognitive brain engagement or during hunger-related gut engagement. In this study in 14 young adults (7 females, mean \u00b1 SD age 25.71 \u00b1 8.32 years), we study gut-brain coupling using simultaneous EEG and EGG during hunger and satiety states measured in separate visits, and compare responses both while resting as well as during a cognitively demanding working memory task. We find that EGG-EEG phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) differs based on both satiety state and cognitive effort, with greater PAC modulation observed in the resting state relative to working memory. We find a significant interaction between gut satiation levels and cognitive states in the left fronto-central brain region, with larger cognitive demand based differences in the hunger state. Furthermore, strength of PAC correlated with behavioral performance during the working memory task. Altogether, these results highlight the role of gut-brain interactions in cognition and demonstrate the feasibility of these recordings using scalable sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T08:13:09Z","timestamp":1669623189000},"page":"9242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Simultaneous Gut-Brain Electrophysiology Shows Cognition and Satiety Specific Coupling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Pragathi Priyadharsini","family":"Balasubramani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neural Engineering and Translation Labs (NEATLabs), Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anuja","family":"Walke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian","family":"Grennan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neural Engineering and Translation Labs (NEATLabs), Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Perley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanna","family":"Purpura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neural Engineering and Translation Labs (NEATLabs), Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhakshin","family":"Ramanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neural Engineering and Translation Labs (NEATLabs), Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"},{"name":"Department of Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92108, USA"},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92108, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd P.","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6612-4557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jyoti","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neural Engineering and Translation Labs (NEATLabs), Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3071","article-title":"Gut feelings: The emerging biology of gut\u2013brain communication","volume":"12","author":"Mayer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. 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