{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T03:05:11Z","timestamp":1760151911752,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Commission","award":["813144","101016663","PID2020-114135RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["813144","101016663","PID2020-114135RB-I00"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["813144","101016663","PID2020-114135RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["813144","101016663","PID2020-114135RB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"AGENCIA ESTATAL DE INVESTIGACI\u00d3N","award":["813144","101016663","PID2020-114135RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["813144","101016663","PID2020-114135RB-I00"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Network automation promises to reduce costs while guaranteeing the required performance; this is paramount when dealing with the forecasted highly dynamic traffic that will be generated by new 5G\/6G applications. In optical networks, autonomous lightpath operation entails that the optical receiver can identify the configuration of a received optical signal without necessarily being configured from the network controller. This provides relief for the network controller from real-time operation, and it can simplify the operation in multi-domain scenarios, where an optical connection spans across more than one domain. Consequently, in this work, we propose a blind and low complex modulation format (MF) and symbol rate (SR) identification algorithm. The algorithm is based on studying the effects of decoding an optical signal with different MFs and SRs. Extensive MATLAB-based simulations have been carried out which consider a coherent wavelength division multiplexed system based on 32 and 64 quadrature amplitude modulated signals at up to 96 GBd, thus enabling bit rates of up to 800 Gb\/s\/channel. The results show remarkable identification accuracy in the presence of linear and nonlinear noise for a wide range of feasible configurations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]],"date-time":"2022-11-28T08:13:09Z","timestamp":1669623189000},"page":"9251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Accurate Low Complex Modulation Format and Symbol Rate Identification for Autonomous Lightpath Operation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7431-6276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Sequeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Optical Communications Group (GCO), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6429-6347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optical Communications Group (GCO), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infinera Unipessoal Lda., 2790-078 Carnaxide, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Napoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infinera, 81541 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4471-7401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Pedro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infinera Unipessoal Lda., 2790-078 Carnaxide, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7345-296X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optical Communications Group (GCO), Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2015.7045405","article-title":"Next generation sliceable bandwidth variable transponders","volume":"53","author":"Sambo","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. 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