{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T05:19:02Z","timestamp":1772860742104,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFC2200604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFC2200604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["181722KYSB20190040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["181722KYSB20190040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFC2200600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFC2200600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key foreign cooperation projects of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2020YFC2200604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFC2200604"]}]},{"name":"Key foreign cooperation projects of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["181722KYSB20190040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["181722KYSB20190040"]}]},{"name":"Key foreign cooperation projects of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2020YFC2200600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFC2200600"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFC2200604"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFC2200604"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["181722KYSB20190040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["181722KYSB20190040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFC2200600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFC2200600"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In space gravitational-wave-detection missions, inertial sensors are used as the core loads, and their acceleration noise needs to reach 3\u00d710\u221215\u00a0ms\u22122\/Hz at a frequency of 0.1\u00a0mHz, which corresponds to the capacitive sensing system; the capacitive sensing noise on the sensitive axis needs to reach 1\u00a0aF\/Hz. Unlike traditional circuit noise evaluation, the noise in the mHz frequency band is dominated by the thermal noise and the 1\/f noise of the device, which is a challenging technical goal. In this paper, a low-frequency, high-precision resonant capacitor bridge method based on a planar transformer is used. Compared with the traditional winding transformer, the developed planar transformer has the advantages of low temperature drift and low 1\/f noise. For closed-loop measurements of capacitive sensing circuits and sensitive structures, the minimum capacitive resolution in the time domain is about 3\u00a0aF, which is far lower than the scientific measurement resolution requirement of 5.8\u00a0fF for gravitational wave detection. The capacitive sensing noise is converted to 1.095\u00a0aF\/Hz in the frequency band of 10\u00a0mHz\u20131\u00a0Hz. Although there is a gap between the closed-loop measurement results and the final index, the measurement environment is an experimental condition without temperature control on the ground; additionally, in China, the measurement integrity and actual measurement results of the capacitive sensing function have reached a domestic leading level. This is the realization of China\u2019s future space gravitational wave exploration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]],"date-time":"2022-11-29T02:53:29Z","timestamp":1669690409000},"page":"9284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Analysis of a Capacitive Sensing Circuit and Sensitive Structure Based on a Low-Temperature-Drift Planar Transformer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6272-0829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanlin","family":"Sui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5933-1814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Longqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"School of Fundamental Physics and Mathematical Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7528-180X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9008-0045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuzhu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongkun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-5765(99)00132-0","article-title":"Electrostatic space accelerometers for present and future missions","volume":"45","author":"Touboul","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Touboul, P. 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