{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:33:50Z","timestamp":1760232830172,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences (CPG) at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM)","award":["SF18060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SF18060"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main geological structures in the Dammam Dome are defined by integrating geophysical measurements and applying new methodological approaches. Dammam Dome is characterized by a well-developed fracture\/joints system; thus, high complexity of the subsurface is expected. Direct Current Resistivity (DCR) and Seismic Refraction (SR) geophysical survey aimed to map the Dammam Dome\u2019s near-surface features. The geophysical data were acquired along two profiles in the northern part of Dammam Dome. To maximize the results from conducting DCR and SR measurements over a complex area, a combined local and global optimization algorithm was used to obtain high-resolution near-surface images in resistivity and velocity models. The local optimization technique involves individual and joint inversion of the DCR and SR data incorporating appropriate regularization parameters, while the global optimization uses single and multi-objective genetic algorithms in model parameter estimation. The combined algorithm uses the output from the local optimization method to define a search space for the global optimization algorithm. The results show that the local optimization produces satisfactory inverted models, and that the global optimization algorithm improves the local optimization results. The joint inversion and processing of the acquired data identified two major faults and a deformed zone with an almost N\u2013S direction that corresponds with an outcrop were mapped in profile one, while profile two shows similar anomalies in both the resistivity and velocity models with the main E\u2013W direction. This study not only demonstrates the capability of using the combined local and global optimization multi-objectives techniques to estimate model parameters of large datasets (i.e., 2D DCR and SR data), but also provides high-resolution subsurface images that can be used to study structural features of the Dammam Dome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T08:46:41Z","timestamp":1669798001000},"page":"9337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Application of Combined Local and Global Optimization Algorithms in Joint Interpretation of Direct Current Resistivity and Seismic Refraction Data: A Case Study of Dammam Dome, Eastern Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Edigbue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9234-4841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail","family":"Demirci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geophysical Engineering, Ankara University, G\u00f6lba\u015f\u0131 06830, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4229-2705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irfan","family":"Akca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geophysical Engineering, Ankara University, G\u00f6lba\u015f\u0131 06830, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6672-6205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamdan","family":"Hamdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physics & Astronomy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2723-7855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Kirmizakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4153-3415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pantelis","family":"Soupios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3190-7858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markos","family":"Tranos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5832-7354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Israa S.","family":"Abu-Mahfouz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4379-1653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emin","family":"Candansayar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geophysical Engineering, Ankara University, G\u00f6lba\u015f\u0131 06830, Turkey"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4568-2941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sherif","family":"Hanafy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2171-0154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullatif","family":"Al-Shuhail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynolds, J. 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