{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:34:57Z","timestamp":1760232897500,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strengthening Plan Technical Field Fund","award":["2021-JCJQ-JJ-0597"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-JCJQ-JJ-0597"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, an optimal-damage-effectiveness cooperative-control strategy based on a damage-efficiency model and a virtual-force method is proposed to solve the pursuit\u2013evasion problem with multiple guided missiles. Firstly, different from the overly ideal assumption in the traditional pursuit\u2013evasion problem, an optimization problem that maximizes the damage efficiency is established and solved, making the optimal-damage-effectiveness strategy more meaningful for practical applications. Secondly, a modified virtual-force method is proposed to obtain this optimal-damage-effectiveness control strategy, which solves the numerical solution challenges brought by the high-complexity damage function. Thirdly, adaptive gain is designed in this strategy based on guidance-integrated fuze technology to achieve robust maximum damage efficiency in unpredictable interception conditions. Finally, the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed strategy are verified by numerical simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T09:18:36Z","timestamp":1669799916000},"page":"9342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Optimal-Damage-Effectiveness Cooperative-Control Strategy for the Pursuit\u2013Evasion Problem with Multiple Guided Missiles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Xiang","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ZNDY of National Defense Key Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5729-798X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keren","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZNDY of National Defense Key Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Man","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Information Control Research Academy Group Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211153, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZNDY of National Defense Key Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weichen","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZNDY of National Defense Key Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Libo","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZNDY of National Defense Key Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZNDY of National Defense Key Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaofeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9963","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2936894","article-title":"A game theoretic approach for mobility prediction clustering in unmanned aerial vehicle networks","volume":"68","author":"Xing","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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