{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T23:05:06Z","timestamp":1773183906058,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2021-127712OB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-127712OB-C21"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["RTI2018-099189-B-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-099189-B-C22"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PIFULPGC2020-2 ING-ARQ3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIFULPGC2020-2 ING-ARQ3"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["PID2021-127712OB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-127712OB-C21"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["RTI2018-099189-B-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-099189-B-C22"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities","award":["PIFULPGC2020-2 ING-ARQ3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIFULPGC2020-2 ING-ARQ3"]}]},{"name":"Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","award":["PID2021-127712OB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-127712OB-C21"]}]},{"name":"Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","award":["RTI2018-099189-B-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-099189-B-C22"]}]},{"name":"Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria","award":["PIFULPGC2020-2 ING-ARQ3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIFULPGC2020-2 ING-ARQ3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, mega-constellations of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites have become increasingly important to provide high-performance Internet access with global coverage. This paper provides an updated comparison of four of the largest LEO mega-constellations: Telesat, SpaceX, OneWeb and Amazon. It describes the gateway design workflow from the patch antenna to phased array analysis. Patch antennas are developed for both transmission and reception after a thorough examination of the four systems. The results of electromagnetic simulation using Advanced Design Software (ADS) Momentum are shown, including their radiation pattern. Finally, a model of the gateway phased array using SystemVue is obtained using hexagonal, circular, and square arrays. According to the required effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) and gain, the antenna sizes for the four constellations are estimated. As an example, for SpaceX constellation, a reception antenna with 8910 radiating elements using a hexagonal distribution with a gain of 46.9 dB and a sensitivity of \u2212113.1 dBm was obtained.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]],"date-time":"2022-12-02T03:28:04Z","timestamp":1669951684000},"page":"9406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Phased Array Antenna Analysis Workflow Applied to Gateways for LEO Satellite Communications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4380-6402","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Merino-Fernandez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Microelectronics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Parque Cientifico Tecnologico, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0087-2370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil L.","family":"Khemchandani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Microelectronics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Parque Cientifico Tecnologico, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2610-883X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"del Pino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Microelectronics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Parque Cientifico Tecnologico, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7962-1517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Saiz-Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Microelectronics, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Parque Cientifico Tecnologico, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Zhang Lei, G.Z., and Imran, M.A. (2020). 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Available online: https:\/\/fcc.report\/IBFS\/SES-STA-INTR2019-02310\/1704798."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/23\/9406\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:32:37Z","timestamp":1760146357000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/23\/9406"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s22239406"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s22239406","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]}}}