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Government","award":["IJC\/2018\/038039\/I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IJC\/2018\/038039\/I"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is used as a proxy of photosynthetic efficiency. However, interpreting top-of-canopy (TOC) SIF in relation to photosynthesis remains challenging due to the distortion introduced by the canopy\u2019s structural effects (i.e., fluorescence re-absorption, sunlit-shaded leaves, etc.) and sun\u2013canopy\u2013sensor geometry (i.e., direct radiation infilling). Therefore, ground-based, high-spatial-resolution data sets are needed to characterize the described effects and to be able to downscale TOC SIF to the leafs where the photosynthetic processes are taking place. We herein introduce HyScreen, a ground-based push-broom hyperspectral imaging system designed to measure red (F687) and far-red (F760) SIF and vegetation indices from TOC with single-leaf spatial resolution. This paper presents measurement protocols, the data processing chain and a case study of SIF retrieval. Raw data from two imaging sensors were processed to top-of-canopy radiance by dark-current correction, radiometric calibration, and empirical line correction. In the next step, the improved Fraunhofer line descrimination (iFLD) and spectral-fitting method (SFM) were used for SIF retrieval, and vegetation indices were calculated. With the developed protocol and data processing chain, we estimated a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) between 50 and 200 from reference panels with reflectance from 5% to 95% and noise equivalent radiance (NER) of 0.04 (5%) to 0.18 (95%) mW m\u22122 sr\u22121 nm\u22121. The results from the case study showed that non-vegetation targets had SIF values close to 0 mW m\u22122 sr\u22121 nm\u22121, whereas vegetation targets had a mean F687 of 1.13 and F760 of 1.96 mW m\u22122 sr\u22121 nm\u22121 from the SFM method. HyScreen showed good performance for SIF retrievals at both F687 and F760; nevertheless, we recommend further adaptations to correct for the effects of noise, varying illumination and sensor optics. In conclusion, due to its high spatial resolution, Hyscreen is a promising tool for investigating the relationship between leafs and TOC SIF as well as their relationship with plants\u2019 photosynthetic capacity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s22239443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T08:10:57Z","timestamp":1670227857000},"page":"9443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["HyScreen: A Ground-Based Imaging System for High-Resolution Red and Far-Red Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6323-1509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huaiyue","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5887-7890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Pilar","family":"Cendrero-Mateo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Earth Observation, Image Processing Laboratory, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6454-5654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliane","family":"Bendig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1232-7102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bastian","family":"Siegmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8523-0256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelvin","family":"Acebron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2570-7788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caspar","family":"Kneer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]},{"given":"Kari","family":"Kataja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specim Spectral Imaging Ltd., 90590 Oulu, Finland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0473-5632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onno","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9993-4588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uwe","family":"Rascher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum J\u00fclich GmbH, 52428 J\u00fclich, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2005.01490.x","article-title":"Functional dynamics of plant growth and photosynthesis\u2014From steady-state to dynamics\u2014From homogeneity to heterogeneity","volume":"29","author":"Schurr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcy087","article-title":"Measuring the dynamic photosynthome","volume":"122","author":"Murchie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. 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